{"id":9904,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=9904"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:24:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:24:58","slug":"setevaya-model-osi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/setevaya-model-osi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI: 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI<\/strong> (Open Systems Interconnection, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435 (L1) \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (L7). \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI: \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c: \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 (Ethernet, IP, TCP, HTTP). \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043a TCP\/IP &#8212; \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442. OSI \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 Python, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP \u0438 \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c (layer)<\/strong> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c N \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f N-1 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044e N+1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PDU<\/strong> (Protocol Data Unit) &#8212; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f: \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440, \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a (\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a) \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SDU<\/strong> (Service Data Unit) &#8212; \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438. PDU \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f N \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f SDU \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f N-1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI: \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u2116<\/th>\n<th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>PDU<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<th>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041f\u041e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 (Application)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>HTTP, DNS, SMTP, SSH, FTP<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438, L7-\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a, WAF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (Presentation)<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 TLS, MIME, ASN.1<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u041e, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 (Session)<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>NetBIOS, RPC<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u041e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 (Transport)<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b), \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 (TCP), \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 (UDP)<\/td>\n<td>TCP, UDP, QUIC<\/td>\n<td>L4-\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a, stateful firewall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 (Network)<\/td>\n<td>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>IPv4, IPv6, ICMP<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, L3-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (Data Link)<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet, Wi-Fi (802.11), PPP, VLAN 802.1Q<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (Physical)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0411\u0438\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 Ethernet, DSL, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (\u0445\u0430\u0431), \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 L1 \u0438 L2: \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 L3-L4 (\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043e L7, \u043a\u0430\u043a NGFW \u0438 WAF.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/h3>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 TCP\/IP, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 OSI \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ARP<\/strong> \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 (L3) \u0441 MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c (L2); \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u043a L2, \u0442\u043e \u043a \u00abL2\/L3\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TLS<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 TCP \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 L6, \u043d\u0430 L5-L6 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 L4 \u0438 L7\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>QUIC<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 UDP, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 L4-L6.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ICMP<\/strong> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 IP, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (ping, traceroute), \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043a L3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MPLS<\/strong> \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c 2.5\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8212; \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c: \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>L7: \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GET \/ HTTP\/1.1<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>L4: TCP \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 50000 -&gt; 80) \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442.<\/li>\n<li>L3: IP \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, TTL, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 (6 = TCP), \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<li>L2: Ethernet \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e (0x0800 = IPv4), \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 FCS, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440.<\/li>\n<li>L1: \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 L2-\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438. IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 NAT. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 L2 \u0438 L3: MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 &#8212; \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python: \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e<\/h3>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 TCP, IPv4 \u0438 Ethernet \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 Python 3.14.7 \u0438 3.9.6, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">struct<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">checksum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">%<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">b\"\\x00\"<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">sum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unpack<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"!{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}H\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">while<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">16<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0xFFFF<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">16<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">~<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0xFFFF<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># L7: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 (HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">http<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">b\"GET \/ HTTP\/1.1\\r\\nHost: example.com\\r\\n\\r\\n\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># L4: TCP-\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a 20 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 PSH+ACK)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">tcp<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">pack<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"!HHIIBBHHH\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">50000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">80<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0x18<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">64240<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">segment<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">tcp<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">http<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># L3: IPv4-\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a 20 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (TTL 64, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b 6 = TCP)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">src<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">([<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">192<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">168<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">([<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">203<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">113<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">])<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">pack<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"!BBHHHBBH4s4s\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0x45<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">20<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">segment<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n                 <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0x4000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">64<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">src<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">pack<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"!H\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">checksum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">12<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">packet<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">segment<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># L2: Ethernet II - MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0438 EtherType 0x0800 (IPv4)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">eth<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fromhex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"aabbccddeeff\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fromhex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"112233445566\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">b\"\\x08\\x00\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">frame<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">eth<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">packet<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"L7 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435:   {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">http<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:3} \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"L4 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442:  {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">segment<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:3} \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">tcp<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} TCP)\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"L3 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442:    {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">packet<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:3} \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} IPv4)\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"L2 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440:     {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">frame<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:3} \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">eth<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} Ethernet)\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"IPv4 checksum \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">checksum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">frame<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">16<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">hex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"MSS \u043f\u0440\u0438 MTU 1500:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1500<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">tcp<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">L7 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435:    37 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\nL4 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442:   57 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+20 TCP)\nL3 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442:     77 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+20 IPv4)\nL2 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440:      91 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (+14 Ethernet)\nIPv4 checksum \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430: True\n\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430: aa bb cc dd ee ff 11 22 33 44 55 66 08 00 45 00\nMSS \u043f\u0440\u0438 MTU 1500: 1460\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>37 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438 54 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">aa bb cc dd ee ff<\/code>), \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">08 00<\/code> &#8212; \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 IPv4. \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">45<\/code> &#8212; \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e IP-\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430: \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f 4, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 5 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>MTU 1500 &#8212; \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 L2 \u0434\u043b\u044f Ethernet. \u0418\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 IP \u0438 TCP, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 1460 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 (MSS). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u0443 IPv6 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a 40 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u0438 MSS \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430: TCP checksum \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441 IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438), FCS \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 TCP \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 203.0.113.10 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c TCP\/IP \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0412 RFC 1122 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f, \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>OSI<\/th>\n<th>TCP\/IP (RFC 1122)<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>7 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439, 6 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, 5 \u0421\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 (Application)<\/td>\n<td>HTTP, DNS, SSH, TLS, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 (Transport)<\/td>\n<td>TCP, UDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 \u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 (Internet)<\/td>\n<td>IP, ICMP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, 1 \u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (Link)<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ARP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439<\/th>\n<th>OSI<\/th>\n<th>TCP\/IP<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ISO \u0438 CCITT (\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 ITU-T), 1984<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b ARPANET, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 RFC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>4 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 5 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 OSI (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, X.400) \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/td>\n<td>IP, TCP, UDP \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b TCP\/IP, \u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 OSI. \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 L2\u00bb, \u00abL4-\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u00bb, \u00abL7-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u00bb &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 OSI. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a TCP\/IP \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 <a href=\"\/journal\/tcp-ip-prosto-o-slozhnom\/\">TCP\/IP \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 OSI &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c (Linux)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>L1<\/td>\n<td>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u043a, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b?<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip link<\/code> (\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 UP\/DOWN), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ethtool eth0<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>L2<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435?<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip neigh<\/code> (ARP-\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>L3<\/td>\n<td>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437, \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b?<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip addr<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip route<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>L4<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441?<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ss -tlnp<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc -zv host 443<\/code> \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>L6-L7<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442, DNS, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">dig<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">openssl s_client -connect host:443<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">curl -v<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code> \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 L3 &#8212; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432 DNS. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 443 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Connection refused<\/code>, TCP RST) \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c REJECT. \u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u0444\u0430\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u0423\u0447\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435: ICMP \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442, \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code> \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u00ab\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u00bb &#8212; \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440, \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435); \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0445\u0430\u0431 \u043d\u0430 L1, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 L2, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 L3), \u0430 L5-L6 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u041f\u041e.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0437 37 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 Ethernet-\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0438\u0437 91 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 FCS.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0435 TCP\/IP \u0438\u0437 4 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u0430 OSI \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c: L2, L4 \u0438 L7 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 OSI.<\/li>\n<li>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438 DevOps-\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435 VLAN \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 L4 \u0438\u043b\u0438 L7 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Wireshark, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/setevoy-inzhener-basic\/?int_article=setevaya-model-osi&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb<\/a>. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=setevaya-model-osi&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 Otus<\/a> \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 OSI \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 L2 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 &#8212; \u043d\u0430 L3 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c. L3-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f HTTPS?<\/strong><br \/>\nHTTP &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c (L7), TLS \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 L6 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 L5-L6. HTTPS &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e HTTP \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 TLS \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 TCP (L4); \u0443 HTTP\/3 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e TCP \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f QUIC \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 UDP.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 OSI \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e: \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 (L2-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, L7-\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a) \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 &#8212; \u00abPlease Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away\u00bb: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI (Open Systems Interconnection, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435 (L1) \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (L7). \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI: \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9905,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[514,181],"class_list":["post-9904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-osi","tag-seti"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c OSI \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 7 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, PDU \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 TCP\/IP.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. 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