{"id":9892,"date":"2026-09-23T03:56:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T03:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=9892"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:36:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:36:08","slug":"fajlovye-sistemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/fajlovye-sistemy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u0424\u0421)<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a, SSD, \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430) \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0424\u0421: \u0424\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 copy-on-write: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0424\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0435 FAT32<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0424\u0421, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 copy-on-write, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0424\u0421 \u0434\u043b\u044f Windows, Linux \u0438 macOS, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e Windows (NTFS, ReFS, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>SSD, HDD, \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430, SD-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 (GPT \u0438\u043b\u0438 MBR)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/dev\/sda1<\/code>, \u00ab\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043a 0, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 2\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435; \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 (LVM, \u043f\u0443\u043b ZFS)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">C:<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/home<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>ext4, NTFS, APFS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0426\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435: \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 -&gt; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/dev\/sdb1<\/code> \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 GPT -&gt; \u0442\u043e\u043c -&gt; \u0424\u0421 exFAT -&gt; \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">report.pdf<\/code>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u041e\u0421 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/media\/user\/USB\/report.pdf<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">E:\\report.pdf<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0424\u0421 (\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 (\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b).<\/strong> \u0422\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e 4 \u041a\u0438\u0411. \u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0432 1 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a (\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0424\u0421, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430.<\/strong> \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412 ext4 \u044d\u0442\u043e inode, \u0432 NTFS &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 MFT, \u0432 FAT &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 FAT.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438.<\/strong> \u041e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0438\u043c\u044f -&gt; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0432 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0424\u0421 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 inode, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0423\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/strong> \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442: \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">open<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">read<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">write<\/code> \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041e\u0421, \u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0424\u0421 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 copy-on-write: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/strong> \u0424\u0421 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: ext4 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">data=ordered<\/code>) \u0438 NTFS \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u0421 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copy-on-write (CoW).<\/strong> \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f; \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 APFS, Btrfs \u0438 ZFS. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 (snapshots) \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b. Btrfs \u0438 ZFS \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u0445\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0443; \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e) ZFS \u0438 Btrfs \u0443\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043d\u0438 CoW \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e: \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0424\u0421, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0424\u0421<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \/ CoW<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043f. \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>FAT32<\/td>\n<td>DOS\/Windows, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u041e\u0421<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>Windows, macOS, Linux, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0422\u0412 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b EFI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>exFAT<\/td>\n<td>Windows, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041e\u0421<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>Windows, macOS, Linux (\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0441 5.7)<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041e\u0421<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>NTFS<\/td>\n<td>Windows<\/td>\n<td>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>Windows; Linux (\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 ntfs3, \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e 5.15+); macOS &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 Windows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ext4<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e)<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 Linux \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>XFS<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b (\u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 RHEL \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>APFS<\/td>\n<td>macOS, iOS<\/td>\n<td>CoW, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>macOS, iOS<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 SSD Apple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Btrfs<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>CoW, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u044b<\/td>\n<td>Linux<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 Fedora \u0441 33 \u0438 \u0432 openSUSE)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ZFS<\/td>\n<td>Solaris, FreeBSD, Linux (OpenZFS)<\/td>\n<td>CoW, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0443\u043b\u044b<\/td>\n<td>FreeBSD; Linux &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0438 NAS, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442 FAT32 &#8212; \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 4 \u0413\u0438\u0411 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 1 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442. \u0423 exFAT, NTFS, ext4, XFS, APFS, Btrfs \u0438 ZFS \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u041a, \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u0432 \u043b\u043e\u0431\u00bb \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0424\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 Linux<\/h2>\n<p>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mkfs<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0437\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/tmp<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#!\/usr\/bin\/env bash<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">set<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-euo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>pipefail\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span>\/tmp\/fs-demo.img\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">MNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span>\/tmp\/fs-demo-mnt\n\n<span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>!<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-e<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">||<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\"> \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">exit<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b<\/span>\ntruncate<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-s<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>64M<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b 64 \u041c\u0438\u0411, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">test<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-f<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">                  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430: \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c - \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">trap<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'sudo umount \"$MNT\" 2&gt;\/dev\/null || true; rm -f \"$IMG\"'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>EXIT<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435<\/span>\nmkfs.ext4<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-q<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">             <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0424\u0421 ext4 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430<\/span>\nmkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-p<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$MNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span>\nsudo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>mount<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-o<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>loop<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$IMG<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$MNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c<\/span>\ndf<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-hT<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$MNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">df<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 Ubuntu 24.04 (e2fsprogs 1.47.0) 23.09.2026; \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 1-2 \u041c\u0438\u0411:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\n\/dev\/loop0     ext4   56M   24K   52M   1% \/tmp\/fs-demo-mnt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">truncate<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mkfs.ext4<\/code> \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0424\u0421 (\u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b inode, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mount -o loop<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 loop-\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">df -T<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0421, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">trap<\/code> \u043e\u0442\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 64 \u041c\u0438\u0411 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435: \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f root.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">lsblk -f<\/code> \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">umount<\/code>) \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mkfs<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u0421 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">lsblk<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-f<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0424\u0421, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/span>\nfindmnt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-t<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>ext4,xfs,btrfs,vfat,exfat,ntfs3<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0435 FAT32<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c 5 \u0413\u0438\u0411 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432 FAT32.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">cp<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>ubuntu.iso<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/media\/user\/USB\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0432 Linux (GNU coreutils 9.4; \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error writing ...<\/code>, \u0432 Windows \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">cp: failed to extend &#x27;\/media\/user\/USB\/ubuntu.iso&#x27;: File too large\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0432 exFAT (\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f Windows, macOS \u0438 Linux) \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f Windows, \u0432 NTFS. \u0421\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442: ISO \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 4 \u0413\u0438\u0411 (\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">split<\/code>), \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0424\u0421\u00bb:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0424\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f Windows, macOS \u0438 Linux<\/td>\n<td>exFAT<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0422\u0412, \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e FAT32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a Windows<\/td>\n<td>NTFS<\/td>\n<td>ReFS &#8212; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u041a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a Linux<\/td>\n<td>ext4 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043b\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430)<\/td>\n<td>Btrfs, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 Linux-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/td>\n<td>XFS \u0438\u043b\u0438 ext4<\/td>\n<td>ZFS, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043b\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mac \u043d\u0430 SSD, Time Machine<\/td>\n<td>APFS<\/td>\n<td>Mac OS Extended (HFS+) &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 Mac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>NAS, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0438<\/td>\n<td>ZFS \u0438\u043b\u0438 Btrfs \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>ext4 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430\u043f &#8212; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b EFI \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<td>FAT32<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f UEFI \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 FAT32 (FAT12\/16 &#8212; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u041e\u0421: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0424\u0421 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u041e\u0421.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b; \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (NTFS, ext4, XFS) \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, CoW (APFS, Btrfs, ZFS) \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u044b Btrfs \u0438 ZFS \u043b\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u0445\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0443. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041e\u0421 &#8212; exFAT; FAT32 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f EFI \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 4 \u0413\u0438\u0411.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0421: NTFS \u0432 Windows, ext4\/XFS\/Btrfs \u0432 Linux, APFS \u0432 macOS.<\/li>\n<li>\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mkfs<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">lsblk -f<\/code> \u0438 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0424\u0421 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/etc\/fstab<\/code>, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/linux-basic\/?int_article=fajlovye-sistemy&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">Linux \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445<\/a>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=fajlovye-sistemy&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0424\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, ext4 \u0432 Btrfs), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430\u043f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u041e\u0421 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0413\u0438\u0411); \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0424\u0421 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f SSD?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0435\u0442: \u0443 SSD \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u041e\u0421 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 TRIM. Windows \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb), macOS &#8212; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 SSD Apple; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e SATA SSD \u0432 Mac TRIM \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sudo trimforce enable<\/code>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u0424\u0421) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a, SSD, \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430) \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0424\u0421: \u0424\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[65],"class_list":["post-9892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-programmirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f FAT32, exFAT, NTFS, ext4, XFS, APFS, Btrfs \u0438 ZFS, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 copy-on-write \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0424\u0421 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/fajlovye-sistemy\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: \\u0447\\u0442\\u043e \\u044d\\u0442\\u043e, \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c | Otus\",\"headline\":\"\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: \\u0447\\u0442\\u043e \\u044d\\u0442\\u043e, \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442 \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/oj-1080x720-2024-05-13T212550.706.jpg\",\"width\":2245,\"height\":1587},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-23T03:56:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:36:08+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435, \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: \\u0447\\u0442\\u043e \\u044d\\u0442\\u043e, \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442 \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\\u0424\\u0430\\u0439\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: \\u0447\\u0442\\u043e \\u044d\\u0442\\u043e, \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a\\u0438\\u0435 \\u0431\\u044b\\u0432\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442 \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0432\\u044b\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u041e\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d-\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"telephone\":\"+74999389202\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/fajlovye-sistemy\\\/#organizationLogo\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/\",\"name\":\"A. 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