{"id":9776,"date":"2026-09-17T06:02:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T06:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=9776"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:47:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:47:33","slug":"kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 UTF-8: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: <strong>\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/strong> (character set) \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u00bb, \u0430 <strong>\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/strong> (encoding) &#8212; \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb. Unicode &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0430 UTF-8 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0421\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430: \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438: ASCII, Windows-1251 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">Unicode \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b: UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">UTF-8 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044b: \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u00ab\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b -&gt; \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 -&gt; \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441 Unicode, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c UTF-8 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 &#8212; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0421\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0443 <strong>\u042f<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b &#8212; \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u042f<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/strong> (code point) &#8212; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0432 Unicode: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+042F<\/code> (\u044d\u0442\u043e 1071 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439);<\/li>\n<li>\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435: \u0432 UTF-8 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">D0 AF<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0445 Unicode:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'A'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u042f'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u4e2d'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\ud83d\ude00'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cp<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">ord<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b8<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-8'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b16<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-16-be'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b32<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-32-be'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ch<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}  U+{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cp<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:04X}  utf-8={<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b8<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">hex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">' '<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} ({<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b8<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\u0431)  \"<\/span>\n          <span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"utf-16={<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b16<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">hex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">' '<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} ({<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b16<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\u0431)  utf-32={<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b32<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">hex<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">' '<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} ({<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b32<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\u0431)\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">A  U+0041  utf-8=41 (1\u0431)  utf-16=00 41 (2\u0431)  utf-32=00 00 00 41 (4\u0431)\n\u042f  U+042F  utf-8=d0 af (2\u0431)  utf-16=04 2f (2\u0431)  utf-32=00 00 04 2f (4\u0431)\n\u4e2d  U+4E2D  utf-8=e4 b8 ad (3\u0431)  utf-16=4e 2d (2\u0431)  utf-32=00 00 4e 2d (4\u0431)\n\ud83d\ude00  U+1F600  utf-8=f0 9f 98 80 (4\u0431)  utf-16=d8 3d de 00 (4\u0431)  utf-32=00 01 f6 00 (4\u0431)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0412 UTF-8 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">A<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 1 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u042f<\/code> &#8212; 2, \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444 &#8212; 3, \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438 &#8212; 4. \u0412 UTF-32 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b &#8212; \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0441 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">utf-16-be<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">utf-32-be<\/code>), \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430: \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0418\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. Unicode &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 (\u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443) \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+0000<\/code> \u0434\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+10FFFF<\/code>. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 Unicode \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b &#8212; \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430. UTF-8, UTF-16 \u0438 UTF-32 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 Unicode. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 Unicode\u00bb \u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430: \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 (\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 UTF-8).<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (0-255) \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438: ASCII, Windows-1251 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 <strong>ASCII<\/strong> &#8212; 7-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 0-127): \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 256 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 ASCII \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 (128-255) \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ASCII<\/td>\n<td>1 (7 \u0431\u0438\u0442)<\/td>\n<td>\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Windows-1251<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 Windows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>KOI8-R<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Unix-\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 1990-2000-\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CP866<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>DOS \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c Windows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430: 256 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f, \u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0432 Windows-1251 \u0438 KOI8-R \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044b\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b Unicode.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">Unicode \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b: UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32<\/h2>\n<p>Unicode \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+0000<\/code>&#8212;<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+10FFFF<\/code>, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 150 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 UTF \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b<\/th>\n<th>\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>UTF-8<\/td>\n<td>1-4 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 = 1 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 ASCII<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>UTF-16<\/td>\n<td>2 \u0438\u043b\u0438 4 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b &#8212; 2 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>UTF-32<\/td>\n<td>4 (\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>UTF-32 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c: \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. UTF-16 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438) \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 UTF-8.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">UTF-8 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n<p>UTF-8 &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 <strong>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/strong>: \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 1 \u0434\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0439 8 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 &#8212; 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 (\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442), \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a<\/th>\n<th>\u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<th>\u0428\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>U+0000 &#8212; U+007F<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0xxxxxxx<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>U+0080 &#8212; U+07FF<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">110xxxxx 10xxxxxx<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>U+0800 &#8212; U+FFFF<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>U+10000 &#8212; U+10FFFF<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0432 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043d. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 UTF-8 (RFC 2279) \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e 6 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 RFC 3629 \u0432 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0435 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d Unicode \u0434\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+10FFFF<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00abUTF-8 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e 6 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e: \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c &#8212; 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e UTF-8 &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 ASCII. \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b 0-127 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 ASCII \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 ASCII-\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c UTF-8 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0423 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044e: \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 UTF-8 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 ASCII, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 UTF-16.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u041b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b (\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439) \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">accent<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0435\u0301'<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">accent<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">accent<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f'U+{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">ord<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:04X}'<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">c<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">accent<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">])<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">family<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83d\udc67'<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'emoji-\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">family<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0432 utf-8 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">family<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-8'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0435\u0301\n\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439: 2\n\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438: [&#x27;U+0435&#x27;, &#x27;U+0301&#x27;]\nemoji-\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a: 5\n\u0432 utf-8 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442: 18\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u0435\u0301<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u0435<\/code> (U+0435) \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0443\u0442 (U+0301), \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a. \u042d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438-\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83d\udc67<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c ZWJ (U+200D), &#8212; \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0438 18 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 UTF-8. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c: \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044b: \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0439 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u042f<\/code> \u0432 UTF-8 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">D0 AF<\/code>) \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c ASCII, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a ASCII \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u042f'<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-8'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u042f \u0432 utf-8:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">try<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">decode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'ascii'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">except<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">UnicodeDecodeError<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e:'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">decode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-8'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u042f \u0432 utf-8: b&#x27;\\xd0\\xaf&#x27;\n\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: &#x27;ascii&#x27; codec can&#x27;t decode byte 0xd0 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)\n\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e: \u042f\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441: \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 UTF-8, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a UTF-8. \u0410 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u0438\u0440! \ud83d\ude00'<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">enc<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-8'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-16'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'utf-32'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">'cp1251'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">try<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">encode<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">enc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f'{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">enc<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:8}: {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">except<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">UnicodeEncodeError<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f'{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">enc<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:8}: \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f ({<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">reason<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">})'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">utf-8   : 26 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\nutf-16  : 32 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\nutf-32  : 60 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\ncp1251  : \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f (character maps to &lt;undefined&gt;)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f utf-16 \u0438 utf-32 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 (BOM) \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 &#8212; 2 \u0438 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u00ab\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430. Windows-1251 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438: \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u00bb &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440 (\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">charset=utf-8<\/code>, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445) \u0432 UTF-8.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442 <strong>\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/strong> (\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430) \u0438 <strong>\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/strong> (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438).<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u042f<\/code> -&gt; \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">U+042F<\/code> -&gt; \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">D0 AF<\/code> \u0432 UTF-8; \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 (ASCII, Windows-1251, KOI8-R, CP866) \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c 256 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044b\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>UTF-8 &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 1 \u0434\u043e 4 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0435 6), \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 ASCII \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435-\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b (\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430) \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u00ab\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 CSV, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 HTTP \u0438 JSON, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UnicodeDecodeError<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 &#8212; \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b -&gt; \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 -&gt; \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0412 Python \u0432\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">str<\/code> \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">encode<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">decode<\/code>, \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/python-basic\/?int_article=kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 Python<\/a>. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/iso-format\/\">\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 ISO \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 &#8212; UTF-8 \u0438\u043b\u0438 UTF-16?<\/strong> \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 UTF-8: \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 ASCII. UTF-16 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 Java \u0438 Windows API), \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 UTF-8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c?<\/strong> \u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u042d\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 BOM \u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d?<\/strong> BOM (byte order mark) &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f UTF-16 \u0438 UTF-32 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0434\u043b\u044f UTF-8 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432 UTF-8 \u0431\u0435\u0437 BOM.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 (character set) \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u00bb, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 (encoding) &#8212; \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb. Unicode &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0430 UTF-8 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9777,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[502,501],"class_list":["post-9776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-utf-8","tag-kodirovki"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 UTF-8 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043c Unicode \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 UTF-8, UTF-16 \u0438 UTF-32.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kodirovki-simvolov-i-format-utf-8\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 UTF-8: \\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b, \\u0442\\u043e\\u0447\\u043a\\u0430, \\u0431\\u0430\\u0439\\u0442\\u044b | Otus\",\"headline\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u0434\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432 \\u0438 UTF-8: \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0441\\u0438\\u043c\\u0432\\u043e\\u043b 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