{"id":9725,"date":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=9725"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:33:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:33:40","slug":"relyacionnye-bazy-opredelenie-primery-osobennosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/relyacionnye-bazy-opredelenie-primery-osobennosti\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 JOIN"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 (\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 <strong>\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/strong> (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, SQL Server, Oracle), \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 SQL.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u00bb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0441 JOIN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0426\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414, \u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 ACID<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 JOIN, \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 ACID \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b 23.09.2026 \u0432 SQLite 3.51 \u0438 PostgreSQL 18.6.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u00bb<\/h2>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f <strong>relation<\/strong> (\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u042d\u0434\u0433\u0430\u0440 \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0434 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 1970 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 (relationship) &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (relation)<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0436 (tuple)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430: \u0438\u043c\u044f, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0438\u043f + \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c: \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442 \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u00bb. \u0412 SQL \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NOT NULL<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CHECK<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 SQL-\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0443 SQL \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> (PRIMARY KEY) &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 NULL.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439) \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> &#8212; \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 email \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0412 SQL \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UNIQUE<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> (FOREIGN KEY) &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 + \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0445:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UNIQUE<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445\u00bb (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">orders.customer_id<\/code>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0441 JOIN<\/h2>\n<p>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 SQLite \u0438 PostgreSQL.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">UNIQUE<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">products<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">          <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">title<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price_rub<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CHECK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price_rub<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">          <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customer_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created_at<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_items<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">product_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">products<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">qty<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CHECK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">qty<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">product_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'anna@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'boris@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">products<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3500<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u044b\u0448\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1200<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">18900<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-01'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-05'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">12<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-07'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_items<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">12<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0435\u043a \u0432 PostgreSQL, MySQL \u0438 SQL Server \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NUMERIC<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DECIMAL<\/code>, \u0430 \u0432 SQLite &#8212; \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SUM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">oi<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">qty<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price_rub<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total_rub<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">customer_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_items<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">oi<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">oi<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">products<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">oi<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">product_id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">GROUP<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ORDER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0432 PostgreSQL 18 (\u0432 SQLite \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"> name  | order_id | total_rub \n-------+----------+-----------\n \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430  |       10 |      5900\n \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430  |       11 |     18900\n \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 |       12 |      1200\n(3 rows)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 10 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430 3500 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u043e 1200, \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e 5900. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0426\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414, \u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">customer_id = 99<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">99<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-10'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>PostgreSQL 18 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ERROR:  insert or update on table &quot;orders&quot; violates foreign key constraint &quot;orders_customer_id_fkey&quot;\nDETAIL:  Key (customer_id)=(99) is not present in table &quot;customers&quot;.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0410 SQLite \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <strong>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 13 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432 SQLite \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;<\/code>. \u0421 \u043d\u0435\u0439 SQLite 3.51 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FOREIGN KEY constraint failed<\/code>. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e: \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 INSERT \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0438\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, email, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u00bb, \u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 email \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435 (\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1\u041d\u0424<\/strong>: \u0432 \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2\u041d\u0424<\/strong>: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">product_id<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">products<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">order_items<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>3\u041d\u0424<\/strong>: \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. Email \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">customers<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 &#8212; \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u00bb. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 ACID<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 ACID:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atomicity<\/strong> (\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c) &#8212; \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consistency<\/strong> (\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c) &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Isolation<\/strong> (\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f) &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Durability<\/strong> (\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c) &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0439.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 14, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CHECK (qty &gt; 0)<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BEGIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-12'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_items<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">order_items<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COMMIT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders_14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COMMIT<\/code> \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ERROR:  new row for relation &quot;order_items&quot; violates check constraint &quot;order_items_qty_check&quot;\nDETAIL:  Failing row contains (14, 3, 0).\nROLLBACK\n orders_14 \n-----------\n         0\n(1 row)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412 SQLite \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435: \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 INSERT, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COMMIT<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 14 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ROLLBACK<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COMMIT<\/code>. \u0421 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ROLLBACK<\/code> \u0432 SQLite \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 0.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>PostgreSQL<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f PostgreSQL License<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c JSONB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>MySQL<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, GPL \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f Oracle<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0435\u0431-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, CMS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SQLite<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Microsoft SQL Server<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f Express<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0435 Microsoft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oracle Database<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>MySQL \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f MySQL AB, \u0430 \u043a Oracle \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0439 Sun Microsystems. \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a SQL \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0442, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/h2>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 JSON \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 (\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b BLOB, JSONB), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb &#8212; \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0443, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e (\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445-\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">order_items<\/code> \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430) &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414: \u0432 SQLite \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441 JOIN \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c SQL &#8212; \u043e\u0442 SELECT \u0438 JOIN \u0434\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 &#8212; \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/sql\/?int_article=relyacionnye-bazy-opredelenie-primery-osobennosti&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abSQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb<\/a>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=relyacionnye-bazy-opredelenie-primery-osobennosti&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0411\u0430\u0437\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 PostgreSQL \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447?<\/strong><br \/>\nSQL \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c JSON \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0414\u0430: \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">json<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">jsonb<\/code> \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432 MySQL &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JSON<\/code>, \u0432 SQLite &#8212; \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f JSON \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 (\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, SQL Server, Oracle), \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 SQL. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9726,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[251],"class_list":["post-9725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-bazy-dannyh-2"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 ACID. 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