{"id":9112,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=9112"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:25:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:25:28","slug":"vse-ob-ukazatelyah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 &#8212; \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442). \u0423 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *<\/code> \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code>, \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p + 1<\/code>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0410\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">const \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c: NULL, nullptr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c: malloc \u0438 free<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code>:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">10<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;x<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 (\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0x16b12aa78<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0x16b12aa78<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*p<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">10<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 Apple clang 21 (arm64, 64-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b C17\/C23 \u0438 C++20. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/h2>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;              <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* p \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 x *\/<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"x  = %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"&amp;x = %p\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"p  = %p\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"*p = %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 *\/<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">20<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c x \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"x  = %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"sizeof(p) = %zu\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">sizeof<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">x  = 10\n&amp;x = 0x16b12aa78\np  = 0x16b12aa78\n*p = 10\nx  = 20\nsizeof(p) = 8\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *p<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code>; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">= &amp;x<\/code> \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code>. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;x<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*p<\/code> \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*p = 20<\/code> \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">%p<\/code> \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">void *<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">(void *)p<\/code>. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 64-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 8 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u043d\u0430 32-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; 4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *p, q;<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code> &#8212; \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">q<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code> (\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sizeof p = 8<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sizeof q = 4<\/code>). \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412 C \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">swap_bad<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">swap<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)   { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">swap_bad<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"swap_bad: x=%d y=%d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">swap<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"swap:     x=%d y=%d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">swap_bad: x=1 y=2\nswap:     x=2 y=1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">swap_bad<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">swap<\/code> &#8212; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">y<\/code>. \u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">const struct S *<\/code>) \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 &#8212; \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">char *<\/code>, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f) \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0410\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b<\/h2>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p + 1<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">T<\/code>, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sizeof(T)<\/code> \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a[i]<\/code> \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*(a + i)<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stddef.h&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">] <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">20<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">30<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">40<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">};<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                     <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e &amp;a[0] *\/<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"*(p + 2) = %d, a[2] = %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"p + 1 - p = %td \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 p \u0438 p + 1: %td\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">           (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">char<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">char<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">it<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">it<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">!=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">++<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">it<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* a + 4 - \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u043c *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%d \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">it<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">*(p + 2) = 30, a[2] = 30\np + 1 - p = 1 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\n\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 p \u0438 p + 1: 4\n10 20 30 40\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ptrdiff_t<\/code>. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b: \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a + 4<\/code> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a + 5<\/code> \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sizeof a<\/code> \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">main<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 16 (\u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u0437 4 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e), \u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a<\/code> \u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *<\/code>, \u0442\u0430\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sizeof<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">const \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*p<\/code><\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code><\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">const int *p<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *const p<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">const int *const p<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0438 \u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">const<\/code> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 &#8212; \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440, clang 21 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">constp.c:7:8: error: read-only variable is not assignable\nconstp.c:8:7: error: cannot assign to variable &#x27;b&#x27; with const-qualified type &#x27;int *const&#x27;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c: NULL, nullptr<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u00bb. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f. \u0412 C \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code>, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 C23 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nullptr<\/code>. \u0412 C++ \u0441 C++11 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nullptr<\/code>: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u0442\u0430\u043c &#8212; \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">__null<\/code> \u0443 GCC), \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;memory&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)          { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"f(int)\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">const<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">char<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"f(const char*)\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b 0 - \u044d\u0442\u043e int<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nullptr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ nullptr - \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">auto<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">make_unique<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">42<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">7<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\\n'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, delete \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">f(int)\nf(const char*)\n7\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">f(NULL)<\/code> \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 clang \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error: call to 'f' is ambiguous<\/code>, GCC 14 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error: call of overloaded 'f(NULL)' is ambiguous<\/code>. \u0412 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nullptr<\/code> \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044e\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 C++. \u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int &amp;r<\/code> &#8212; \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430: \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c C++ \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">std::unique_ptr<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">std::shared_ptr<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044b\u0435\u00bb <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">new<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">delete<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c: malloc \u0438 free<\/h2>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">arr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">malloc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">sizeof<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">arr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">arr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) { <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e - \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c *\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* ... \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 arr[0] .. arr[n - 1] ... *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">free<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">arr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">arr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c *\/<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">malloc<\/code>, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code>. \u041e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">malloc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">sizeof<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">42<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">free<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 free *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">clang uaf.c<\/code>) \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">2<\/code> \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c 0: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0440. GCC 14 \u043d\u0430 Linux \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1644393447<\/code>, \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c 0; \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">42<\/code>, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. GCC \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">warning: pointer 'p' used after 'free' [-Wuse-after-free]<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441 AddressSanitizer \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">clang<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-g<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-fsanitize<span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span>address<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>uaf.c<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-o<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>uaf<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>.\/uaf<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">==902==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x6020000000d0 ...\nREAD of size 4 at 0x6020000000d0 thread T0\n    #0 0x0001007948d4 in main uaf.c:9\n...\nSUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free uaf.c:9 in main\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code> (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (segmentation fault)<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">malloc<\/code> \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;local<\/code>; clang \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-Wreturn-stack-address<\/code>, GCC &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-Wreturn-local-addr<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0427\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\/\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code>, \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-fsanitize=address<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0445\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0447\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0423\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">free<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">malloc<\/code>, \u0432 C++ &#8212; \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-Wall -Wextra<\/code>, AddressSanitizer (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-fsanitize=address<\/code>) \u0432 clang \u0438 GCC, \u043d\u0430 Linux \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 Valgrind. \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*<\/code> \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p + 1<\/code> \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a[i]<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*(a + i)<\/code>; \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u043c.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">const int *p<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *const p<\/code> &#8212; \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 C++ \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nullptr<\/code>, \u0432 C &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nullptr<\/code> \u0441 C23.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443; \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-Wall -Wextra -fsanitize=address<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 C++. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 C++ \u043f\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 RAII \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/cpp-basic\/?int_article=vse-ob-ukazatelyah&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abC++-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=vse-ob-ukazatelyah&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int **<\/code>)?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">char **argv<\/code> \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">void *<\/code>?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0435\u0442: \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">void *<\/code> \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443. \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">void *<\/code> \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c C \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430, GCC \u0438 clang \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b: \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e 8 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043d\u0430 64-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0438 4 \u043d\u0430 32-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int *<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">double *<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 &#8212; \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442). \u0423 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f: int * \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 int, \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f p + 1. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9113,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[91],"class_list":["post-9112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-c-3"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 &amp; \u0438 *, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b, const, NULL \u0438 nullptr, malloc \u0438 free, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441, \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u044b\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435, \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438 | Otus\",\"headline\":\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441, \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u044b\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435, \\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0444\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0438 \\u0442\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/02\\\/oj-1080x720-10.jpg\",\"width\":2245,\"height\":1587},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-24T09:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:25:28+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435, C\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441, \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u044b\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435, \\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0444\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0438 \\u0442\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441, \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u044b\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435, \\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0444\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0438 \\u0442\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u041e\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d-\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"telephone\":\"+74999389202\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#organizationLogo\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/\",\"name\":\"A. Pavlenko\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/13488c7d5b657aaaf1808afd398f71e0225df07dd94eb7e5fcdfc45feff43cb5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"A. Pavlenko\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0423\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438 \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441, \\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u044b\\u043c\\u0435\\u043d\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435, \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438 | Otus\",\"description\":\"\\u0427\\u0442\\u043e \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c \\u0432 C \\u0438 C++: \\u043e\\u043f\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u0438 & \\u0438 *, \\u0430\\u0440\\u0438\\u0444\\u043c\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0443\\u043a\\u0430\\u0437\\u0430\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u0435\\u0439 \\u0438 \\u043c\\u0430\\u0441\\u0441\\u0438\\u0432\\u044b, const, NULL \\u0438 nullptr, malloc \\u0438 free, \\u0442\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0447\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u043e\\u0448\\u0438\\u0431\\u043a\\u0438 \\u0438 \\u043a\\u0430\\u043a \\u0438\\u0445 \\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438\\u0442\\u044c.\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/02\\\/oj-1080x720-10.jpg\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#mainImage\",\"width\":2245,\"height\":1587},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\\\/#mainImage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-24T09:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:25:28+00:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"name\":\"OTUS \\u0416\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b - \\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"alternateName\":\"OTUS \\u0416\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 & \u0438 *, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b, const, NULL \u0438 nullptr, malloc \u0438 free, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#article","name":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 | Otus","headline":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/oj-1080x720-10.jpg","width":2245,"height":1587},"datePublished":"2026-09-24T09:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T15:25:28+00:00","inLanguage":"ru-RU","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435, C"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435","item":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#listItem","name":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization","name":"\u041e\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","description":"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","telephone":"+74999389202","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#organizationLogo","width":180,"height":180},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#organizationLogo"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/","name":"A. Pavlenko","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/13488c7d5b657aaaf1808afd398f71e0225df07dd94eb7e5fcdfc45feff43cb5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"A. Pavlenko"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/","name":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 & \u0438 *, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b, const, NULL \u0438 nullptr, malloc \u0438 free, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.","inLanguage":"ru-RU","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/oj-1080x720-10.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#mainImage","width":2245,"height":1587},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2026-09-24T09:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T15:25:28+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","name":"OTUS \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b - \u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","alternateName":"OTUS \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b","description":"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","inLanguage":"ru-RU","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization"}}]}},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"9112","title":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 & \u0438 *, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b, const, NULL \u0438 nullptr, malloc \u0438 free, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.","keywords":[],"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"","score":0,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":0,"maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":[],"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"Article","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","location":null,"local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2024-02-03 14:15:50","updated":"2026-09-25 18:08:36","seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/"},{"label":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/"},{"label":"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 C \u0438 C++: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vse-ob-ukazatelyah\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9112"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12863,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9112\/revisions\/12863"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}