{"id":8444,"date":"2026-09-30T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=8444"},"modified":"2026-09-30T12:28:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T12:28:16","slug":"dvoichnaya-sistema-v-informatike-i-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/dvoichnaya-sistema-v-informatike-i-programmirovanii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2: \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b, 0 \u0438 1, \u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 13 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a 1101. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u041f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b 30.09.2026 \u043d\u0430 Python 3.14.7 \u0438 Node.js 24.21.0.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 0 \u0438 1;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0431\u0438\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434<\/strong> &#8212; \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430), \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0443.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 13 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">13<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1101<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">D<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f. \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c k \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 k.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434<\/th>\n<th>3<\/th>\n<th>2<\/th>\n<th>1<\/th>\n<th>0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0435\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 1101<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: 8 + 4 + 1 = 13. \u041b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 &#8212; \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>k \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 k \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439: 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 256 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 255;<\/li>\n<li>\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: 0 &#8212; \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, 1 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435;<\/li>\n<li>\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f: 1101 (13) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 11010 (26);<\/li>\n<li>\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437 k \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 k \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 1: 1111 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 15.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 <a href=\"\/journal\/dvoichnaya-sistema-schisleniya\/\">\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>, \u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 <a href=\"\/journal\/sistemy-schisleniya-i-ih-osobennosti\/\">\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0438, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c.<\/strong> \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0410\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f.<\/strong> \u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.<\/strong> \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 0 \u0438 1 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u043b\u043e\u0436\u044c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435, \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0432 1958 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u042d\u0412\u041c \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0443\u043d\u044c\u00bb, \u0430 \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448-\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e: \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1111_0000<\/code> &#8212; \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0xF0<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b1101<\/span>                  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b: \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e 13<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>                    <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 13<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bin<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>              <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 0b1101<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">format<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"08b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>    <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 00001101<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"1101\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>       <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 13<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b1111_0000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>          <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 240<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b1101<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0xD<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0o15<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># True<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1101<\/code> &#8212; <strong>\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b<\/strong>, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 13;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bin()<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">format(..., \"08b\")<\/code> \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\"08b\"<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int(\"1101\", 2)<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e 2;<\/li>\n<li>\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">True<\/code>: \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code> \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/th>\n<th>\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b<\/th>\n<th>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Python<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1101<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1111_0000<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bin(13)<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">format(13, \"b\")<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>JavaScript<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1101<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1111_0000<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">(13).toString(2)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Java<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1101<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1111_0000<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Integer.toBinaryString(13)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C++ (\u0441 C++14), C (\u0441 C23)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1101<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b1111'0000<\/code><\/td>\n<td>C++20: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">std::format(\"{:b}\", 13)<\/code>; C23: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">printf(\"%b\", 13u)<\/code>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int(\"102\", 2)<\/code> \u0432 Python 3.14 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 2: &#x27;102&#x27;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e: \u0418, \u0418\u041b\u0418 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0418\u041b\u0418 &#8212; \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b, \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430<\/th>\n<th>1100 \u0438 1010<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0418 (AND)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a &amp; b<\/code><\/td>\n<td>1, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b 1<\/td>\n<td>1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0418\u041b\u0418 (OR)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a &#124; b<\/code><\/td>\n<td>1, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 1<\/td>\n<td>1110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0418\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0418\u041b\u0418 (XOR)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a ^ b<\/code><\/td>\n<td>1, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>0110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0415 (NOT)<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">~a<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e<\/td>\n<td>\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a &lt;&lt; n<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 n \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td>110000 \u043f\u0440\u0438 n = 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a &gt;&gt; n<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 n \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td>0011 \u043f\u0440\u0438 n = 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b1100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b1010<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">results<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"a &amp; b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"a | b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">|<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"a ^ b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">^<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"a &lt;&lt; 2\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"a &gt;&gt; 2\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">results<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:6} = {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:06b} = {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"~a     =\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">~<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">a &amp; b  = 001000 = 8\na | b  = 001110 = 14\na ^ b  = 000110 = 6\na &lt;&lt; 2 = 110000 = 48\na &gt;&gt; 2 = 000011 = 3\n~a     = -13\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 n \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 n (12 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e 48), \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 (12 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e 3).<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">~a<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d -13, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab0011\u00bb: \u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b Python \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a - 1<\/code>. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">~a &amp; 0b1111<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 3.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0421 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432). \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 Unix: \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; 4, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c &#8212; 2, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; 1.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">READ<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">WRITE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">EXEC<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b010<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b001<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">READ<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">|<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">WRITE<\/span>            <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:03b}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>           <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 110<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">WRITE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>      <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># True: \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">EXEC<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>       <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># False<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">|=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">EXEC<\/span>                   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:03b}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>           <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 111<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">~<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">WRITE<\/span>                 <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:03b}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>           <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 101<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">^=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">READ<\/span>                   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rights<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:03b}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>           <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 001<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">((<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b101101<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0b111<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 3: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">value &amp; mask<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">value &#124; mask<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">value &amp; ~mask<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">value ^ mask<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c k \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043c: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1 &lt;&lt; k<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432: \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 JavaScript.<\/strong> \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418 (\u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0432 C \u0438 Java).<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">const<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 0: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1 == 0, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c 6 &amp; false<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">((<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ true: \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 0, \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f 6 &#8212; \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 Python \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0428\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430.<\/strong> \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 JavaScript \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 32-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044e 32:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">31<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ -2147483648: \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">32<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 1: \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u0430 32 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u043d\u0430 0<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">**<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">32<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 4294967296<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">32n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 4294967296n: \u0442\u0438\u043f BigInt \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412 Java \u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code> \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430: -2147483648 \u0438 1. \u0412 Python \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1 &lt;&lt; 100<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437 31 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">^<\/code> &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c.<\/strong> \u0412 Python <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">2 ^ 3<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 1 (XOR \u0434\u043b\u044f 10 \u0438 11), \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">2 ** 3<\/code> \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430.<\/strong> <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bin(-5)<\/code> \u0432 Python \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-0b101<\/code> &#8212; \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">format(-5 &amp; 0xFF, \"08b\")<\/code> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">11111011<\/code>. \u0421\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0432 Python \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-7 &gt;&gt; 1<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e -4, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-7 \/\/ 2<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">to_bits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">8<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">isinstance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">or<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">not<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">isinstance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">raise<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TypeError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">isinstance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">or<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">not<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">isinstance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">or<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">raise<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ValueError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">not<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">**<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">raise<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ValueError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} \u0431\u0438\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">format<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">value<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"0{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">width<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">to_bits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">to_bits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">255<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bad<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">256<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">True<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"13\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">13.0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">try<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">to_bits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bad<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">except<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TypeError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ValueError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">repr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bad<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"-&gt;\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">__name__<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">00001101\n11111111\n256 -&gt; ValueError \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\n-1 -&gt; ValueError \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\nTrue -&gt; TypeError \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\n&#x27;13&#x27; -&gt; TypeError \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\n13.0 -&gt; TypeError \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bool<\/code> \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 Python <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">True<\/code> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c 1 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">00000001<\/code>. \u0428\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435: \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">to_bits(0, 0)<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0<\/code> \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 0, \u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2: \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b 0 \u0438 1, \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c k \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 k.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c: \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code>; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 k &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1 &lt;&lt; k<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435: \u0432 Python \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0432 JavaScript \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 32-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0445\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/prikladnaya-matematika\/?int_article=dvoichnaya-sistema-v-informatike-i-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=dvoichnaya-sistema-v-informatike-i-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 256 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0423\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442. \u0421\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0412 Python, JavaScript \u0438 Java \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code> \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435. \u0414\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2: \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b, 0 \u0438 1, \u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 13 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a 1101. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b 0b, \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8445,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[209,65],"class_list":["post-8444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-computer-science","tag-programmirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0432 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