{"id":7023,"date":"2026-09-09T05:22:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T05:22:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=7023"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:53:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:53:15","slug":"samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f) \u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c), \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c: \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">Off-by-one: \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435: and \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e or<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 0.1 + 0.2 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 0.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412\u0438\u0434 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0442\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \/ \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (runtime)<\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438, &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435, \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 (\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435), \u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">Off-by-one: \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430. \u0412 Python \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">range(a, b)<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b<\/code>, \u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 1 \u0434\u043e 10 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">i<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">range<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">i<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">45<\/code>. \u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">55<\/code>, \u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">range(1, 10)<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441 1 \u043f\u043e 9, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">i<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">range<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">i<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 55<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">len(arr)<\/code> (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">len(arr) - 1<\/code>), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;=<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;<\/code> \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435: \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435: and \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e or<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u00bb \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">and<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">or<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 18 \u0434\u043e 65 \u043b\u0435\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">70<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">18<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">or<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">65<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f 70 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">70 &gt; 18<\/code> \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e), \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">or<\/code> \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">70<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">18<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">and<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">65<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0434\u043b\u044f 70 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">if not is_valid<\/code> \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">if is_valid<\/code>) \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438: \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a<\/h2>\n<p>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e. \u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">7.0<\/code>. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b \/ 2<\/code> (\u044d\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">3.0<\/code>), \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a<\/code>. \u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">5.0<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 5.0<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0445 \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">and<\/code> \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">or<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a or b and c<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a or (b and c)<\/code>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438: \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 0.1 + 0.2 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 0.3<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 IEEE 754), \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e &#8212; \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.1<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.2<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">False<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0.30000000000000004<\/code>. \u0421\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 0.3 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">math<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">math<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">isclose<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.1<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># True<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">math.isclose<\/code> (\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0441 Python 3.5) \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e float \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Decimal<\/code>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 0.1 + 0.2 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 0.3. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e: \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">==<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412 Python \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0430 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0425\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">row<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">row<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">row<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">][<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">[[0, 5, 0], [0, 5, 0]]<\/code>. \u041e\u0431\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">range<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">][<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">grid<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># [[0, 5, 0], [0, 0, 0]]<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">copy.deepcopy<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">list(x)<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x[:]<\/code>) \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0430 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u0445\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443. \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0425\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">%<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">remove<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">[4]<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">%<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">!=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nums<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># []<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">for n in nums[:]<\/code>), \u043d\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e: \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b &#8212; \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u042e\u043d\u0438\u0442-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">print<\/code> \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/td>\n<td>off-by-one<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n<td>\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b &#8212; off-by-one \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">and<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">or<\/code>, \u043d\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 float \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">==<\/code>, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">math.isclose<\/code>) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Decimal<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412 Python \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">deepcopy<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u042e\u043d\u0438\u0442-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0430: \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0430 Python: \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/python-basic\/?int_article=samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">Python Basic<\/a>, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445<\/a> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/python-i-sintaksicheskie-oshibki\/\">Python \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/kakimi-byvajut-oshibki-v-prilozheniyah\/\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/oshibki-v-php-vidy-i-logirovanie\/\">\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432 PHP: \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0415\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042e\u043d\u0438\u0442-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 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\u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430, &#8212; \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c 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\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":7024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[301,300],"class_list":["post-7023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-kriticheskoe-myshlenie","tag-myshlenie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 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