{"id":7023,"date":"2023-07-17T09:55:45","date_gmt":"2023-07-17T09:55:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=7023"},"modified":"2023-12-13T11:12:33","modified_gmt":"2023-12-13T11:12:33","slug":"samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/samye-rasprostranennye-logicheskie-oshibki\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u00ab\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u00bb) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 24 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/companies\/otus\/articles\/747938\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\">\u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \/ \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0410, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0411, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0410 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \/ \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \/ \u00ab\u0442\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. \u0411\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \/ \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. \u0414\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \/ \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0423\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\/\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\/\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438\/\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \/ \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c; \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. \u0418\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \/ \u00ab\u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0446\u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">18. \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \/ \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">19. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">20. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">21. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u00ab\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">22. \u042d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (Anecdotal evidence)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">23. \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">24. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \/ \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 <a href=\"http:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/companies\/otus\/articles\/747938\/\" title=\"\">\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/near\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=affilate&amp;utm_campaign=otus&amp;mxm=[[hash_metrika]]&amp;relogin=True&amp;token=[[token]]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"93\" src=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-1024x93.png\" alt=\"\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\" class=\"wp-image-8412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-1024x93.png 1024w, https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-300x27.png 300w, https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-150x14.png 150w, https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-768x70.png 768w, https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2.png 1170w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Habr_banner_1-2-1024x93.png\",\"width\":\"1024\",\"height\":\"93\"}<\/script><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u00ab\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u00bb) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":7024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[301,300],"class_list":["post-7023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-kriticheskoe-myshlenie","tag-myshlenie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 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