{"id":6283,"date":"2026-09-18T04:52:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T04:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=6283"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:45:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:45:54","slug":"http-zaprosy-ot-a-do-ya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/http-zaprosy-ot-a-do-ya\/","title":{"rendered":"HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 (\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">curl<\/code>) \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443 HTTP, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 <strong>HTTP-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 + \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441), \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 (\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f + \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435).<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 HTTP: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 HTTP-\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b 1xx-5xx<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0437 Python<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">HTTPS: \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 HTTP, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">HTTP\/1.1, HTTP\/2 \u0438 HTTP\/3: \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s12\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443: \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b GET, POST, PUT, PATCH \u0438 DELETE, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b 1xx-5xx, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d HTTPS \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f HTTP\/1.1, HTTP\/2 \u0438 HTTP\/3. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 HTTP: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/h2>\n<p>HTTP &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0435 (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 &#8212; HyperText Transfer Protocol, \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u00bb). \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u00bb: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0448\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 HTTP \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 TCP-\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 80, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 HTTPS &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 443. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">:8080<\/code>), \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0430\u043c HTTP \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 &#8212; TCP (\u0432 HTTP\/1.1 \u0438 HTTP\/2) \u0438\u043b\u0438 QUIC \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 UDP (\u0432 HTTP\/3). \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f HTTP &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b GET \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 404.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 HTTP-\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0423 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e; \u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/strong> (headers) &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u0418\u043c\u044f: \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/code>, \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0423\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442: \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0422\u0435\u043b\u043e<\/strong> (body) &#8212; \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 JSON, \u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 &#8212; HTML-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 JSON.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Content-Type<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">User-Agent<\/code>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439: \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443) \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">GET \/journal\/ HTTP\/1.1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GET<\/code>, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8212; \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/journal\/<\/code>, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HTTP\/1.1<\/code>. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442: \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Host<\/code>. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 (query string) &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">?<\/code>, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;<\/code>: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GET \/search?q=http&amp;page=2 HTTP\/1.1<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HEAD<\/code> (\u043a\u0430\u043a GET, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">OPTIONS<\/code> (\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430).<\/p>\n<p>\u0423 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/strong> (safe) &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 (\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/strong> (idempotent) &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/th>\n<th>\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>GET<\/td>\n<td>\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HEAD<\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u0430\u043a GET, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>OPTIONS<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>POST<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\/\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PUT<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PATCH<\/td>\n<td>\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>DELETE<\/td>\n<td>\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>PUT \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 PUT, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. POST \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d &#8212; \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 POST \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>DELETE \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 (\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442). \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 200 \u0438\u043b\u0438 204, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e 404, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e. PATCH \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430: \u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u00ab\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430 1\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b 1xx-5xx<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f (status code) &#8212; \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434. \u041a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0435:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1xx<\/td>\n<td>\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>100 Continue, 101 Switching Protocols<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2xx<\/td>\n<td>\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445<\/td>\n<td>200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3xx<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>301 Moved Permanently, 302 Found, 304 Not Modified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4xx<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<td>400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found, 429 Too Many Requests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5xx<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td>\n<td>500 Internal Server Error, 502 Bad Gateway, 503 Service Unavailable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442: 401 &#8212; \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u00bb (\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434), \u0430 403 &#8212; \u00ab\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u00bb. \u0418 301 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 URL) \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 302 (\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 URL \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c).<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430: 204 No Content \u0438 304 Not Modified \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e &#8212; \u0432\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e HTTP\/1.1 (\u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440; \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430). \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">GET \/journal\/ HTTP\/1.1\nHost: otus.ru\nUser-Agent: curl\/8.4.0\nAccept: *\/*\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e GET \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">HTTP\/1.1 200 OK\nServer: nginx\nDate: Thu, 18 Sep 2026 09:00:00 GMT\nContent-Type: text\/html; charset=UTF-8\nContent-Length: 51234\n\n&lt;!doctype html&gt;\n&lt;html&gt;...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HTTP\/1.1 200 OK<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0434 200 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">OK<\/code>. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e &#8212; HTML-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0437 Python<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">requests<\/code>. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443 Python, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">pip install requests<\/code>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># pip install requests  (\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442; \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">requests<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">requests<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">get<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">timeout<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">status_code<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>               <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 200 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">request<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">method<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>            <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># GET<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">headers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"Content-Type\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">])<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440.: text\/html; charset=UTF-8<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 GET \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">urllib<\/code> \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 (\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 - \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">from<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">urllib.request<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Request<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">urlopen<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">req<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Request<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">method<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"GET\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">with<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">urlopen<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">req<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">timeout<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">status<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>             <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 200<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">headers<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"Server\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">])<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440.: nginx<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f POST \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">requests<\/code>) \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432 JSON, \u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">requests<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">requests<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">post<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"https:\/\/httpbin.org\/post\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">json<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"login\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"user\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"id\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">42<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">},<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">timeout<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">status_code<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>        <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 200<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">resp<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">json<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">()[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"json\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">])<\/span>     <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># {'login': 'user', 'id': 42}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># httpbin \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e; \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">HTTPS: \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 HTTP, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443<\/h2>\n<p>HTTPS &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 HTTP, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f TLS (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 443). TLS \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438: \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. HTTPS \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 TLS (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 SNI). \u0418 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439, &#8212; \u0444\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e HTTPS.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">HTTP\/1.1, HTTP\/2 \u0438 HTTP\/3: \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f &#8212; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u043e\u0434<\/th>\n<th>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>HTTP\/1.1<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>TCP, \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HTTP\/2<\/td>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>TCP, \u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432 (HPACK)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HTTP\/3<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>QUIC \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 UDP<\/td>\n<td>\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435, \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (QPACK)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 HTTP\/1.1 &#8212; \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 (head-of-line): \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. HTTP\/2 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 HTTP, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 TCP: \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438. HTTP\/3 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430 QUIC (UDP), \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 HTTP-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435: GET\/HEAD\/OPTIONS \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 PUT \u0438 DELETE, \u0430 POST \u0438 PATCH \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c: 2xx &#8212; \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445, 3xx &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, 4xx &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, 5xx &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430; 401 \u0438 403, 301 \u0438 302 &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443.<\/li>\n<li>HTTPS \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b (TLS, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 443), \u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u00bb \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 HTTP\/1.1, HTTP\/2 \u0438 HTTP\/3 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; HTTP\/3 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 QUIC (UDP).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 HTTP &#8212; \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438: \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 502\/504, \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c 4xx \u0438 5xx \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 TCP, \u0430 \u0433\u0434\u0435 QUIC, &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, TCP\/IP, HTTP, TLS, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430) \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/setevoy-inzhener\/?int_article=http-zaprosy-ot-a-do-ya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440<\/a>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=http-zaprosy-ot-a-do-ya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 Otus<\/a> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/http-server-na-java-izuchenie-servernyh-osnov-na-primere-sozdaniya-sobstvennogo-chata\/\">HTTP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Java: \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c GET \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 POST \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445?<\/strong> GET \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 URL &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430; \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c. POST \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b \u0432 URL, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>DELETE \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b 404 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430?<\/strong> \u041d\u0435\u0442. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e DELETE \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 404. \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 HTTPS \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u00bb, \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c?<\/strong> HTTPS \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 &#8212; 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