{"id":6045,"date":"2026-09-16T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=6045"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:50:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:50:47","slug":"ls-v-linukse-opisanie-i-primery-ispolzovaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/ls-v-linukse-opisanie-i-primery-ispolzovaniya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 ls \u0432 Linux: \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>ls<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 Linux \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a list (\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a).<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 ls \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 ls -l<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 ls<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f ls<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f ls \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 ls, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -l<\/code>, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-t<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-S<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-R<\/code> \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435) \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 ls \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">mkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">cd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo\ntouch<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>report.txt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>notes.md<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>data.csv\nls<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 (\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0443):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">data.csv\nnotes.md\nreport.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e ls \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b (\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438) \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 ls \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f (\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> &#8212; \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 ls -l<\/h2>\n<p>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> (long, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442) &#8212; \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433 ls. \u041e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u043c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a (\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">-rw-r--r-- 1 anna developers 2048 Sep 16 12:30 report.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-rw-r--r--<\/code> &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 (10 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435);<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1<\/code> &#8212; \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">anna<\/code> &#8212; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">developers<\/code> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430-\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">2048<\/code> &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Sep 16 12:30<\/code> &#8212; \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">report.txt<\/code> &#8212; \u0438\u043c\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 10 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b 1 &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">d<\/code> \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">l<\/code> \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">c<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b<\/code> &#8212; \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">p<\/code> &#8212; \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b (FIFO), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">s<\/code> &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0442;<\/li>\n<li>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b 2-4 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">rwx<\/code>: \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435);<\/li>\n<li>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b 5-7 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b;<\/li>\n<li>\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b 8-10 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-rw-r--r--<\/code> \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a: \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">rw-<\/code>), \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">r--<\/code>), \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">r--<\/code>). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c: \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 (mtime), \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 ls<\/h2>\n<p>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c: \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -l -a<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -la<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--all<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">..<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-A<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--almost-all<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">..<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--human-readable<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 (K, M, G); \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-t<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-S<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-r<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--reverse<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-R<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--recursive<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-F<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--classify<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/<\/code> \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*<\/code> \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">@<\/code> \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-i<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--inode<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 inode (\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-d<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--directory<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-1<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--color=auto<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c (auto, always \u0438\u043b\u0438 never)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--all<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">--human-readable<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0432 GNU coreutils (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 ls \u0432 Linux). \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code>) \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 Linux, \u0438 \u0432 macOS.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f ls<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b: -a \u0438 -A<\/h3>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u0447\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.config<\/code>), \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b. \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.<\/code> (\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">..<\/code> (\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439). \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-A<\/code> \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">mkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">cd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo\ntouch<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>visible.txt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>.config\nls\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"--- ls -a ---\"<\/span>\nls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-a\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"--- ls -A ---\"<\/span>\nls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-A<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">visible.txt\n--- ls -a ---\n.\n..\n.config\nvisible.txt\n--- ls -A ---\n.config\nvisible.txt\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: -lh<\/h3>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-lh<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/var\/log<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">10485760<\/code> \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">10M<\/code>. \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440), \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432: -F<\/h3>\n<p>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-F<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0443: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">@<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">mkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">cd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo\nmkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>logs\ntouch<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.py<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>run.sh\nchmod<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>+x<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>run.sh\nls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-F<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">app.py\nlogs\/\nrun.sh*\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">logs\/<\/code> &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">run.sh*<\/code> &#8212; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">app.py<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434: -R<\/h3>\n<p>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-R<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">mkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-p<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>project\/src<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">cd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>project\ntouch<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>main.py<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>src\/utils.py\nls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-R<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 Linux (GNU ls) \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">.:\nmain.py\nsrc\n\n.\/src:\nutils.py\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-R<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -R | less<\/code>). \u0412 macOS (BSD ls) \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.:<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 ls.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0421\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443: -t, -S, -r<\/h3>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e ls \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-t<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-S<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 (\u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443). \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-r<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -ltr<\/code>: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443, \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-ltr<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0410 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -lhS<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 inode: -i<\/h3>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 &#8212; inode (\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440). \u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-i<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-i<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1835 report.txt<\/code>. \u041f\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 inode \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438: \u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c inode &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e: -d<\/h3>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls somedir<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430), \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-d<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-ld<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/tmp<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0411\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-d<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/tmp<\/code>, \u0430 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-d<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/tmp<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -la<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -lh<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -ltr<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443; \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -lhS<\/code> &#8212; \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443; \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -1<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435; \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -1 | wc -l<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f ls \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>ls &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 Linux: \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">cd<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">cp<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">mv<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">rm<\/code> \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 Linux \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/linux-basic\/?int_article=ls-v-linukse-opisanie-i-primery-ispolzovaniya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">Linux \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445<\/a> \u0432 Otus. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=ls-v-linukse-opisanie-i-primery-ispolzovaniya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445<\/a> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/fajly-i-papki-v-informacionnyh-tehnologiyah-opredeleniya-osnovnye-dejstviya\/\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0430: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/ustanovka-linux-s-fleshki-chto-nuzhno-znat-polzovatelju\/\">\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 Linux \u0441 \u0444\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/skripty-i-yazyki-ih-napisaniya-chto-nuzhno-znat-sistemnym-administratoram-i-razrabotchikam\/\">\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 -a \u0438 -A?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b (\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438). \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0445: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.<\/code> (\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">..<\/code> (\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439), \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-A<\/code> \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 ls \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446, \u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443, ls \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u00bb \u0443 ls \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043c &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -d *\/<\/code>: \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>ls \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432; \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 10 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 (\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b rwx \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445), \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-a<\/code> (\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">..<\/code>) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-A<\/code> (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445); \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-h<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-l<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-t<\/code> (\u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-S<\/code> (\u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-r<\/code> (\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a); \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-R<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0424\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -la<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -lh<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -ltr<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ls -lhS<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ls &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 Linux \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a list (\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a). \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 ls \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 ls -l \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 ls \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":6047,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[141],"class_list":["post-6045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-linux"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 ls \u0432 Linux: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 ls -l, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0438 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