{"id":5636,"date":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=5636"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:34:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:34:28","slug":"vvedenie-v-sqlalchemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/vvedenie-v-sqlalchemy\/","title":{"rendered":"SQLAlchemy \u0432 Python: \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 ORM \u0438 Core \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 2.0"},"content":{"rendered":"

SQLAlchemy<\/strong> — \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 Python \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438). \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f: Core<\/strong> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 SQL-\u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 Python, \u0430 ORM<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 Core \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u041f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 ORM<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: select() \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e session.query()<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Core: SQL \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. \u0421\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0439 SQL \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. \u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: Alembic \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 1.x<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n
  12. \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n
  13. FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 — \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 SQLAlchemy 2.0 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e 23.09.2026 \u043d\u0430 Python 3.14.6, SQLAlchemy 2.0.54, SQLite 3.53), \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440: \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435 1.x (session.query<\/code>, engine.execute<\/code>) \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f — \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n

    \u041f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n\u0427\u0435\u043c \u041d\u0415 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Engine<\/td>\n\u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 + \u043f\u0443\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Connection<\/td>\n\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f Core-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 ORM-\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Session<\/td>\n\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 ORM: \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443 Engine \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c (Mapped<\/code>)<\/td>\n\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 — \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    MetaData<\/td>\n\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443: Engine \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, Session (ORM) \u0438\u043b\u0438 Connection (Core) \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 MetaData \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443.<\/p>\n

    \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/h2>\n
    python <\/span>-m <\/span>pip <\/span>install <\/span>SQLAlchemy\npython <\/span>-c <\/span>\"import sqlalchemy; print(sqlalchemy.__version__)\"<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 2.x (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 2.0.54).<\/p>\n
    \u0414\u043b\u044f SQLite \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e: \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 sqlite3<\/code> \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443 Python. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 URL \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/th>\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 URL<\/th>\n\u0414\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    SQLite<\/td>\nsqlite:\/\/\/college.db<\/code><\/td>\n\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 sqlite3<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    PostgreSQL<\/td>\npostgresql+psycopg:\/\/user:pass@localhost\/db<\/code><\/td>\npsycopg<\/code> (\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f 3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    MySQL<\/td>\nmysql+pymysql:\/\/user:pass@localhost\/db<\/code><\/td>\nPyMySQL<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435: \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c @<\/code>, \/<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 :<\/code>, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 sqlalchemy.URL.create(...)<\/code> — \u043e\u043d \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c.<\/p>\n
    \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 ORM<\/h2>\n
    \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b — \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u00ab\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb. \u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n
    from<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> ForeignKey<\/span>,<\/span> String<\/span>,<\/span> create_engine<\/span>,<\/span> select<\/span>\nfrom<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy.orm<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> (<\/span>DeclarativeBase<\/span>,<\/span> Mapped<\/span>,<\/span> Session<\/span>,<\/span>\n                            mapped_column<\/span>,<\/span> relationship<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Base<\/span>(<\/span>DeclarativeBase<\/span>):<\/span>\n    pass<\/span>\n\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Student<\/span>(<\/span>Base<\/span>):<\/span>\n    __tablename__<\/span> =<\/span> \"students\"<\/span>\n\n    id<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>primary_key<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\n    name<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>))<\/span>\n    email<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>),<\/span> unique<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\n    grades<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>list<\/span>[<\/span>\"Grade\"<\/span>]]<\/span> =<\/span> relationship<\/span>(<\/span>back_populates<\/span>=<\/span>\"student\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Grade<\/span>(<\/span>Base<\/span>):<\/span>\n    __tablename__<\/span> =<\/span> \"grades\"<\/span>\n\n    id<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>primary_key<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>)<\/span>\n    course<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>str<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span>(<\/span>100<\/span>))<\/span>\n    score<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span>\n    student_id<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>int<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> mapped_column<\/span>(<\/span>ForeignKey<\/span>(<\/span>\"students.id\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n    student<\/span>:<\/span> Mapped<\/span>[<\/span>Student<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> relationship<\/span>(<\/span>back_populates<\/span>=<\/span>\"grades\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\nengine<\/span> =<\/span> create_engine<\/span>(<\/span>\"sqlite:\/\/\/college.db\"<\/span>)<\/span>\nBase<\/span>.<\/span>metadata<\/span>.<\/span>create_all<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nwith<\/span> Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session<\/span>:<\/span>\n    anna<\/span> =<\/span> Student<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>=<\/span>\"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\"<\/span>,<\/span> email<\/span>=<\/span>\"anna@example.com\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n    anna<\/span>.<\/span>grades<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>Grade<\/span>(<\/span>course<\/span>=<\/span>\"Python\"<\/span>,<\/span> score<\/span>=<\/span>5<\/span>),<\/span>\n                   Grade<\/span>(<\/span>course<\/span>=<\/span>\"SQL\"<\/span>,<\/span> score<\/span>=<\/span>4<\/span>)]<\/span>\n    session<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>anna<\/span>)<\/span>\n    session<\/span>.<\/span>commit<\/span>()<\/span>\n\n    stmt<\/span> =<\/span> select<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>where<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>.<\/span>email<\/span> ==<\/span> \"anna@example.com\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n    student<\/span> =<\/span> session<\/span>.<\/span>scalars<\/span>(<\/span>stmt<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>one<\/span>()<\/span>\n    for<\/span> g<\/span> in<\/span> student<\/span>.<\/span>grades<\/span>:<\/span>\n        print<\/span>(<\/span>student<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>,<\/span> g<\/span>.<\/span>course<\/span>,<\/span> g<\/span>.<\/span>score<\/span>)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b college.db<\/code>, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n
    \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 Python 5\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 SQL 4\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. DeclarativeBase<\/code> — \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 Base.metadata<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446.<\/li>\n
    2. Mapped[int]<\/code> — \u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438. Mapped[str]<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 Optional<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 NOT NULL<\/code>, Mapped[str | None]<\/code> — \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e NULL. mapped_column()<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, unique<\/code>.<\/li>\n
    3. relationship()<\/code> \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432: anna.grades<\/code> — \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a, grade.student<\/code> — \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446. \u0412 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 student_id<\/code>.<\/li>\n
    4. create_all()<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e (\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443) \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 — \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/li>\n
    5. session.add()<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, commit()<\/code> \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 INSERT \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c: \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443 relationship()<\/code> \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434 save-update<\/code>, \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c.<\/li>\n
    6. select()<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, session.scalars(...).one()<\/code> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 SQL, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 create_engine(..., echo=True)<\/code>: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u0433.<\/p>\n
      \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: select() \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e session.query()<\/h2>\n
      \u0412 2.0 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 — \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f select()<\/code>. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 ORM, \u0438 \u0432 Core. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n
      stmt<\/span> =<\/span> select<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>where<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>.<\/span>id<\/span> ==<\/span> 1<\/span>)<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>stmt<\/span>)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      SELECT students.name \nFROM students \nWHERE students.id = :id_1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      print()<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b: \u0434\u043b\u044f SQLite \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 ?<\/code>, \u0434\u043b\u044f PostgreSQL \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c psycopg — %(id_1)s::INTEGER<\/code> (\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430). \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 SQL \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 echo=True<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 print(stmt.compile(engine))<\/code>. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n\u041a\u043e\u0434 2.0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/td>\nsession.scalars(select(Student)).all()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/td>\nsession.scalars(stmt).one()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 None<\/td>\nsession.scalars(stmt).one_or_none()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0443<\/td>\nsession.get(Student, 1)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442<\/td>\nselect(Student).order_by(Student.name).limit(10)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446<\/td>\nselect(Student, Grade).join(Student.grades)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      Core: SQL \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n
      Core \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 SQL, \u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 Table<\/code> \u0438 MetaData<\/code>:<\/p>\n
      from<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> (<\/span>Column<\/span>,<\/span> Integer<\/span>,<\/span> MetaData<\/span>,<\/span> String<\/span>,<\/span> Table<\/span>,<\/span>\n                        create_engine<\/span>,<\/span> insert<\/span>,<\/span> select<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nengine<\/span> =<\/span> create_engine<\/span>(<\/span>\"sqlite:\/\/\"<\/span>)<\/span>  # \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438<\/span>\nmetadata<\/span> =<\/span> MetaData<\/span>()<\/span>\nusers<\/span> =<\/span> Table<\/span>(<\/span>\n    \"users\"<\/span>,<\/span> metadata<\/span>,<\/span>\n    Column<\/span>(<\/span>\"id\"<\/span>,<\/span> Integer<\/span>,<\/span> primary_key<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>),<\/span>\n    Column<\/span>(<\/span>\"login\"<\/span>,<\/span> String<\/span>(<\/span>50<\/span>),<\/span> nullable<\/span>=<\/span>False<\/span>,<\/span> unique<\/span>=<\/span>True<\/span>),<\/span>\n    Column<\/span>(<\/span>\"role\"<\/span>,<\/span> String<\/span>(<\/span>20<\/span>),<\/span> nullable<\/span>=<\/span>False<\/span>),<\/span>\n)<\/span>\nmetadata<\/span>.<\/span>create_all<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nwith<\/span> engine<\/span>.<\/span>begin<\/span>()<\/span> as<\/span> conn<\/span>:<\/span>  # commit \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435, rollback \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/span>\n    conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>insert<\/span>(<\/span>users<\/span>),<\/span> [<\/span>\n        {<\/span>\"login\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"anna\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"role\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"admin\"<\/span>},<\/span>\n        {<\/span>\"login\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"boris\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"role\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"user\"<\/span>},<\/span>\n    ])<\/span>\n\nwith<\/span> engine<\/span>.<\/span>connect<\/span>()<\/span> as<\/span> conn<\/span>:<\/span>\n    rows<\/span> =<\/span> conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>select<\/span>(<\/span>users<\/span>.<\/span>c<\/span>.<\/span>login<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>where<\/span>(<\/span>users<\/span>.<\/span>c<\/span>.<\/span>role<\/span> ==<\/span> \"user\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n    print<\/span>(<\/span>rows<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>())<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: [('boris',)]<\/code>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432: engine.begin()<\/code> \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 engine.connect()<\/code> \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c conn.commit()<\/code>, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/th>\nCore<\/th>\nORM<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td>\nConnection<\/td>\nSession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/td>\nTable<\/code> + Column<\/code><\/td>\n\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 + Mapped<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 Row<\/code> (\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0438)<\/td>\n\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n\u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 join<\/code><\/td>\nrelationship()<\/code> + \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, ETL<\/td>\n\u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      \u0421\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0439 SQL \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/h2>\n
      SQLAlchemy \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 — \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 text()<\/code> \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 f-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443:<\/p>\n
      from<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> create_engine<\/span>,<\/span> text<\/span>\n\nengine<\/span> =<\/span> create_engine<\/span>(<\/span>\"sqlite:\/\/\"<\/span>)<\/span>\nwith<\/span> engine<\/span>.<\/span>begin<\/span>()<\/span> as<\/span> conn<\/span>:<\/span>\n    conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>(<\/span>\"CREATE TABLE users (login TEXT, role TEXT)\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n    conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>(<\/span>\"INSERT INTO users VALUES ('anna', 'admin'), ('boris', 'user')\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n\nlogin<\/span> =<\/span> \"x' OR '1'='1\"<\/span>  # \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/span>\n\nwith<\/span> engine<\/span>.<\/span>connect<\/span>()<\/span> as<\/span> conn<\/span>:<\/span>\n    bad<\/span> =<\/span> conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>(<\/span>f\"SELECT login, role FROM users WHERE login = '{<\/span>login<\/span>}'\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n    print<\/span>(<\/span>\"f-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430:\"<\/span>,<\/span> bad<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>())<\/span>\n\n    good<\/span> =<\/span> conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>\n        text<\/span>(<\/span>\"SELECT login, role FROM users WHERE login = :login\"<\/span>),<\/span>\n        {<\/span>\"login\"<\/span>:<\/span> login<\/span>},<\/span>\n    )<\/span>\n    print<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440:\"<\/span>,<\/span> good<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>())<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      f-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430: [('anna', 'admin'), ('boris', 'user')]\n\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440: []\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0421 f-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 OR '1'='1'<\/code>, \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0421 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c :login<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e: \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f — \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f — \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435.<\/p>\n
      \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442<\/h2>\n
      \u0423\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d ORM — session.begin()<\/code>: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, engine<\/code> \u0438 Session<\/code> \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n
      from<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> func<\/span>,<\/span> select<\/span>\nfrom<\/span> <\/span>sqlalchemy.exc<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> IntegrityError<\/span>\n\ntry<\/span>:<\/span>\n    with<\/span> Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session<\/span>,<\/span> session<\/span>.<\/span>begin<\/span>():<\/span>\n        session<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>=<\/span>\"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\"<\/span>,<\/span> email<\/span>=<\/span>\"boris@example.com\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n        session<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>=<\/span>\"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 2\"<\/span>,<\/span> email<\/span>=<\/span>\"anna@example.com\"<\/span>))<\/span>\nexcept<\/span> IntegrityError<\/span> as<\/span> e<\/span>:<\/span>\n    print<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442:\"<\/span>,<\/span> e<\/span>.<\/span>orig<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nwith<\/span> Session<\/span>(<\/span>engine<\/span>)<\/span> as<\/span> session<\/span>:<\/span>\n    print<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432:\"<\/span>,<\/span> session<\/span>.<\/span>scalar<\/span>(<\/span>select<\/span>(<\/span>func<\/span>.<\/span>count<\/span>(<\/span>Student<\/span>.<\/span>id<\/span>))))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442: UNIQUE constraint failed: students.email\n\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432: 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 email \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b unique<\/code>, \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f: \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 SQLite; \u0443 PostgreSQL \u0438 MySQL \u043e\u043d \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f SQLAlchemy \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 — IntegrityError<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443.<\/p>\n
      \u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: Alembic \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e<\/h2>\n
      \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f (\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441), create_all()<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 SQLAlchemy \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 Alembic<\/strong>. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b:<\/p>\n
      python <\/span>-m <\/span>pip <\/span>install <\/span>alembic\nalembic <\/span>init <\/span>migrations\nalembic <\/span>revision <\/span>--autogenerate <\/span>-m <\/span>\"create students\"<\/span>\nalembic <\/span>upgrade <\/span>head<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 revision<\/code> \u0432 alembic.ini<\/code> \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u0430 \u0432 migrations\/env.py<\/code> \u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 Base<\/code> \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 target_metadata = Base.metadata<\/code>. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n
      \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 1.x<\/h2>\n
      \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434 SQLAlchemy 1.3\/1.4 \u0438 \u0432 2.0 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0411\u044b\u043b\u043e (1.x)<\/th>\n\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e (2.0)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      session.query(User).filter(...)<\/code><\/td>\nsession.scalars(select(User).where(...))<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      engine.execute(\"SELECT ...\")<\/code><\/td>\n\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e; conn.execute(text(\"SELECT ...\"))<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      declarative_base()<\/code><\/td>\n\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 DeclarativeBase<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Column(Integer)<\/code> \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/td>\nMapped[int] = mapped_column()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 commit()<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a begin()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      session.query()<\/code> \u0432 2.0 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a legacy-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 select()<\/code>.<\/p>\n
      \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/h2>\n