{"id":5415,"date":"2026-09-23T03:46:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T03:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=5415"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:37:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:37:53","slug":"sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/","title":{"rendered":"Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a Unix: \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0441 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD) \u0438 macOS. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">Unix, UNIX \u0438 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">POSIX: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Linux, BSD \u0438 macOS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix: \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u00ab\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u00bb: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">Unix, UNIX \u0438 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00abUnix\u00bb \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Unix (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439)<\/td>\n<td>\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 Bell Labs 1970-\u0445 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<td>Research Unix, System V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>UNIX (\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430)<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e The Open Group \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 Single UNIX Specification<\/td>\n<td>macOS, IBM AIX, HP-UX<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f (Unix-like)<\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a Unix, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 Unix<\/td>\n<td>\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 Linux, FreeBSD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Linux \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 Unix: \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 Linux &#8212; Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f Unix\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c macOS \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a UNIX. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 Unix &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">POSIX: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/h2>\n<p><strong>POSIX<\/strong> (Portable Operating System Interface) &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 IEEE, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 C), \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sh<\/code> \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f &#8212; POSIX.1-2024.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439: \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e POSIX, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 Linux, FreeBSD \u0438 macOS \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>POSIX \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0443 &#8212; \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e;<\/li>\n<li>\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430: GNU <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sed<\/code> \u0432 Linux \u0438 BSD <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sed<\/code> \u0432 macOS \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sed -i<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li>\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u00bb, \u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c Unix\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 POSIX.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Linux, BSD \u0438 macOS<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/th>\n<th>Linux<\/th>\n<th>FreeBSD<\/th>\n<th>macOS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e + \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RHEL \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435)<\/td>\n<td>\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0421: \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0421 Apple \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 XNU (Mach + \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 BSD)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430<\/td>\n<td>GPLv2<\/td>\n<td>BSD<\/td>\n<td>\u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e XNU \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442 UNIX<\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 (PID 1)<\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e systemd<\/td>\n<td>init + \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u044b rc<\/td>\n<td>launchd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c<\/td>\n<td>apt, dnf \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430<\/td>\n<td>pkg \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>App Store, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 Homebrew<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> &#8212; Linux: \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439<\/strong> &#8212; FreeBSD, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0435<\/strong> &#8212; macOS \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 Unix-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 Linux (\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Android \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e Linux, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u00abLinux-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u00bb.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix: \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0418\u0434\u0435\u044e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u044f: \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e; \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440 (pipe, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">|<\/code>): \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'nginx\\nsshd\\nnginx\\ncron\\nnginx\\n'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>&gt;<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt\nsort<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> | <\/span>uniq<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> | <\/span>tr<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\\n'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">' '<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span>\ngrep<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-c<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>nginx<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">cron nginx sshd \n3\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sort<\/code> \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">uniq<\/code> \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">tr<\/code> \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">grep -c<\/code> \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0435 &#8212; \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f JSON \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c PID, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c (PPID). \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441 PID 1 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e, \u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b &#8212; \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 Linux \u044d\u0442\u043e systemd, \u0432 macOS &#8212; launchd.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432 Unix \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">fork()<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">exec()<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0423 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430: 0 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'nginx\\nsshd\\ncron\\n'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>&gt;<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt\ngrep<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-q<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>nginx<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"nginx: \u043a\u043e\u0434 <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$?<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span>\ngrep<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-q<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>apache<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>procs.txt<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"apache: \u043a\u043e\u0434 <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$?<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span>\nsleep<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">30<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> &amp;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">pid<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$!<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">kill<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$pid<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">wait<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$pid<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"sleep \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">$?<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">nginx: \u043a\u043e\u0434 0\napache: \u043a\u043e\u0434 1\nsleep \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c 143\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, bash \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Terminated<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u0434 143 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 128 + 15: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c SIGTERM (\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 15), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">kill<\/code>. SIGTERM \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b. SIGKILL (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">kill -9<\/code>) \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 SIGTERM.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 <strong>\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/strong> (daemons): <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sshd<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">cron<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nginx<\/code>. \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u00abd\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 &#8212; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>Unix \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432: \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 (u), \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b (g) \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 (o). \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (r), \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c (w) \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (x).<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c: r = 4, w = 2, x = 1, \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, 640 &#8212; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">demo<\/code>, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">mkdir<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-p<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">cd<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>demo\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"api_key=test\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>&gt;<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf\nchmod<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">640<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf\nls<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-l<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> | <\/span>cut<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-c1-10\nchmod<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">200<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf\ncat<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span>&gt;\/dev\/null<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">||<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e\"<\/span>\nchmod<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">640<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf\ncat<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>app.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">-rw-r-----\n\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e\napi_key=test\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">chmod 200<\/code> \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">cat<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 (Permission denied); \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043a 640 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430: root (UID 0) \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e, \u0430 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sudo<\/code> \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c 600 \u0438\u043b\u0438 640, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 644 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 777;<\/li>\n<li>\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">chmod -R<\/code> \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c: \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0438\u0442 x \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">find -type d<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">find -type f<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u00ab\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u00bb: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u00bb \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/dev<\/code>, \u0430 \u0432 Linux \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/proc<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/sys<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">echo<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>&gt;<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/dev\/null\nhead<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-c<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">8<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>\/dev\/urandom<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> | <\/span>wc<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-c<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> | <\/span>tr<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-d<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">' '<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u044b\u0440\u0443\u00bb <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/dev\/null<\/code> \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 8 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0438\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/dev\/urandom<\/code> \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">8<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/proc<\/code> \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443: \u0432 Linux \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0432 FreeBSD \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d, \u0432 macOS \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0412\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443: \u043d\u0430 Windows &#8212; WSL 2 \u0441 Ubuntu, \u043d\u0430 macOS &#8212; \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 &#8212; \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 Debian \u0438\u043b\u0438 Ubuntu Server.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u044b: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">uname -s<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Linux<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Darwin<\/code> (macOS) \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FreeBSD<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ps<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sort<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">uniq<\/code> \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 640.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Permission denied<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u0443 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">chmod u+x script.sh<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bash script.sh<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li><strong><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">command not found<\/code><\/strong> &#8212; \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PATH<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">command -v \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 GNU \u0438 BSD-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">man \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b &#8212; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u00abUNIX\u00bb \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u00abUnix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438: macOS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, Linux \u0438 FreeBSD, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u044e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 POSIX: \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c, \u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b, init \u0438 GUI \u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 &#8212; Linux; FreeBSD \u0438 macOS \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 640\/600 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">chmod -R<\/code> &#8212; \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 Unix-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 Unix \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c, DevOps-\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 &#8212; Linux, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/linux-basic\/?int_article=sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abLinux. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439\u00bb<\/a>. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f Linux \u043d\u0430 macOS \u0438\u043b\u0438 FreeBSD?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 POSIX \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b Linux \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 macOS \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. FreeBSD \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c Linux-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Linuxulator.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c bash \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 sh \u0438 zsh?<\/strong><br \/>\n<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sh<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 POSIX; bash \u0438 zsh &#8212; \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0412 macOS \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 zsh, \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 Linux &#8212; bash, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sh<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Windows \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c WSL?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0435\u0442. WSL 2 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e Linux \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 Windows, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 Windows \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a Unix: \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0441 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f \/, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD) \u0438 macOS. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5416,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[141,252],"class_list":["post-5415","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-linux","tag-unix"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443: \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, FreeBSD \u0438 macOS, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 POSIX, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b Unix \\u0441\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \\u0438 POSIX | Otus\",\"headline\":\"Unix-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043f\\u044b\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/oj-1080x720-16.jpg\",\"width\":2245,\"height\":1587},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-23T03:46:19+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:37:53+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435, Linux, unix\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Unix-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043f\\u044b\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Unix-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \\u0438 \\u043e\\u0431\\u0449\\u0438\\u0435 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043d\\u0446\\u0438\\u043f\\u044b\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u041e\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d-\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"telephone\":\"+74999389202\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#organizationLogo\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/\",\"name\":\"A. Pavlenko\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/13488c7d5b657aaaf1808afd398f71e0225df07dd94eb7e5fcdfc45feff43cb5?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"A. Pavlenko\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0421\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b Unix \\u0441\\u0435\\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u043d\\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \\u0438 POSIX | Otus\",\"description\":\"\\u0427\\u0442\\u043e \\u0442\\u0430\\u043a\\u043e\\u0435 Unix-\\u043f\\u043e\\u0434\\u043e\\u0431\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u0435\\u043c\\u044b \\u0432 2026 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0434\\u0443: \\u0447\\u0435\\u043c \\u043e\\u0442\\u043b\\u0438\\u0447\\u0430\\u044e\\u0442\\u0441\\u044f Linux, FreeBSD \\u0438 macOS, \\u0447\\u0442\\u043e \\u0434\\u0430\\u0435\\u0442 POSIX, \\u0444\\u0438\\u043b\\u043e\\u0441\\u043e\\u0444\\u0438\\u044f Unix, \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0446\\u0435\\u0441\\u0441\\u044b \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u0430 \\u0434\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0443\\u043f\\u0430 \\u043d\\u0430 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u0430\\u0445.\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/oj-1080x720-16.jpg\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#mainImage\",\"width\":2245,\"height\":1587},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\\\/#mainImage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-23T03:46:19+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:37:53+00:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"name\":\"OTUS \\u0416\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b - \\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"alternateName\":\"OTUS \\u0416\\u0443\\u0440\\u043d\\u0430\\u043b\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Unix \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \u0438 POSIX | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443: \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, FreeBSD \u0438 macOS, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 POSIX, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#article","name":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Unix \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \u0438 POSIX | Otus","headline":"Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/oj-1080x720-16.jpg","width":2245,"height":1587},"datePublished":"2026-09-23T03:46:19+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T15:37:53+00:00","inLanguage":"ru-RU","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435, Linux, unix"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435","item":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#listItem","name":"Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/#listItem","name":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization","name":"\u041e\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","description":"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","telephone":"+74999389202","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#organizationLogo","width":180,"height":180},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#organizationLogo"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/","name":"A. Pavlenko","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/13488c7d5b657aaaf1808afd398f71e0225df07dd94eb7e5fcdfc45feff43cb5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"A. Pavlenko"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/","name":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Unix \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \u0438 POSIX | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443: \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, FreeBSD \u0438 macOS, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 POSIX, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.","inLanguage":"ru-RU","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/author\/a-pavlenko\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/oj-1080x720-16.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#mainImage","width":2245,"height":1587},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2026-09-23T03:46:19+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T15:37:53+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/","name":"OTUS \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b - \u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","alternateName":"OTUS \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b","description":"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e IT","inLanguage":"ru-RU","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/#organization"}}]}},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"5415","title":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Unix \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f: Linux, BSD, macOS \u0438 POSIX | Otus","description":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443: \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f Linux, FreeBSD \u0438 macOS, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 POSIX, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f Unix, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.","keywords":[],"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"","score":0,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":0,"maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":[],"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"Article","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","location":null,"local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2023-02-05 11:44:00","updated":"2026-09-25 17:02:53","seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/\" title=\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tUnix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/"},{"label":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/category\/polza\/"},{"label":"Unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: Linux, BSD, macOS, POSIX \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sistemy-unix-osobennosti-i-opisanie\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5415","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5415"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5415\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13126,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5415\/revisions\/13126"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5416"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5415"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5415"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5415"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}