{"id":5402,"date":"2026-09-18T04:22:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T04:22:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=5402"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:46:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:46:12","slug":"osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-sql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-sql\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 SQL"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0427\u0422\u041e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435).<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 CRUD<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">JOIN &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">GROUP BY &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">SQL \u0438 NoSQL: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438), \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c CRUD, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e WHERE, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 JOIN \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 GROUP BY. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b &#8212; \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 &#8212; \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 SQL \u043e\u0442 NoSQL.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0438\u043c\u044f &#8212; \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442: \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u043c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432. <strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 (PRIMARY KEY)<\/strong> \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c. <strong>\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 (FOREIGN KEY)<\/strong> \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">departments<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">          <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FOREIGN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">departments<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">employees.department_id<\/code> &#8212; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447: \u043e\u043d \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414: \u0432 PostgreSQL \u043f\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRIMARY KEY<\/code> \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FOREIGN KEY<\/code> &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e. \u0412 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 CRUD<\/h2>\n<p>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0418\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0431\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 <strong>CRUD<\/strong>: Create, Read, Update, Delete. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f SQL-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f CRUD<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 SQL<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Create<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INSERT<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Read<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Update<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delete<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>CRUD &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0430 SQL: \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CREATE TABLE<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b). \u041d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446.<\/p>\n<h3>INSERT &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/h3>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INSERT<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">departments<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">180000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">150000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">160000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">90000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">170000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>SELECT \u0438 WHERE &#8212; \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c<\/h3>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435: \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 160000.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">160000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ORDER BY<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name   salary\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430   180000\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430   160000\n\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430   170000\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT *<\/code>. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e: \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<h3>UPDATE &#8212; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/h3>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code> \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e: \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0412\u0421\u0415 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">id = 2<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">UPDATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SET<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">175000<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 1 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430: \u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 175000. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3>DELETE &#8212; \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/h3>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code> \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044e. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">id = 4<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">DELETE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 1 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 (\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431). \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">employees<\/code> \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430, \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 (\u0443\u0436\u0435 175000), \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">JOIN &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447. <strong>JOIN<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">departments<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name    department\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430    \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441   \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430    \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\n\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430    \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">e<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">d<\/code> (\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">AS<\/code>) \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">name<\/code>, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">e.name<\/code> \/ <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">d.name<\/code> \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ON<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INNER JOIN<\/code>): \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 &#8212; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code>. \u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code> \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435) \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">GROUP BY &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c<\/h2>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430, \u0430 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COUNT<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SUM<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">AVG<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">MIN<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">MAX<\/code>) \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cnt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AVG<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">salary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg_salary<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">employees<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">departments<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">department_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">GROUP<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ORDER BY<\/code> \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">department   cnt   avg_salary\n\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430    2     165000\n\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430   2     177500\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u044e\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code>, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. PostgreSQL \u0438 MySQL \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443. \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 SQLite \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u0422\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">SQL \u0438 NoSQL: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>SQL \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c. <strong>NoSQL<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449 (\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435) \u0441 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a<\/th>\n<th>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 (SQL)<\/th>\n<th>NoSQL<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>SQL (\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414)<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0436\u0435\u00bb, \u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443: \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; NoSQL. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>SQL &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a: \u0432\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0445: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRIMARY KEY<\/code> \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FOREIGN KEY<\/code> \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 CRUD: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INSERT<\/code> (create), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> (read), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code> (update), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code> (delete).<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443: \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ORDER BY<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b SQL \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438: \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0443 &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0443 &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0432 CRUD, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/sql\/?int_article=osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-sql&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">SQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-sql&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/a> &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-dannyh\/\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sql-opisanie-i-osobennosti\/\">SQL: \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/osobennosti-raboty-s-ms-sql-data\/\">\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 MS SQL<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c SQL?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 SQLite &#8212; \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435. \u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f WHERE \u043e\u0442 HAVING?<\/strong><br \/>\n<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u041e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HAVING<\/code> &#8212; \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COUNT(*) &gt; 1<\/code>). \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HAVING<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 SQL \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INSERT<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code>) \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443 SQL. \u041d\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443 PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite \u0438 SQL Server \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL (Structured Query Language) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0427\u0422\u041e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435). \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5403,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[38,40],"class_list":["post-5402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-sql","tag-bazy-dannyh"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b SQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445: \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, JOIN \u0438 GROUP BY \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. 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