{"id":5027,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=5027"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:27:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:27:59","slug":"pole-chto-eto-takoe-v-obydennoj-zhizni-i-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/pole-chto-eto-takoe-v-obydennoj-zhizni-i-programmirovanii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/strong> \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e: \u0444\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb (\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b. <strong>field<\/strong>) \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438: <strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430; <strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/strong> \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c; <strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 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\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 Java \u0438 SQL, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 email\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u041f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0411\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0445\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u0448\u043b\u044f\u043f\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u0428\u043b\u044f\u043f\u0430 \u0441 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0414\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u0430\u043b\u0433\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430)<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/td>\n<td>\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, 2-\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435; \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433 (\u043f\u043e\u0301\u043b\u0435), \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c &#8212; \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0301). \u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u00bb &#8212; \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 &#8212; \u00ab\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/strong> (field, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f-\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442) &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/strong> (column, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442) &#8212; \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c; \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438) \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b<\/strong> (form field, input) &#8212; \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">name<\/code>) \u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u00ab\u0424\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u00ab\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb (\u0438\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f), \u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430\u0445: \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Java<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 OpenJDK 25.0.4 (Java 25 LTS), \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">java Main.java<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435: \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">final<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">long<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e null<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                         <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e 0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">++<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">this<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">this<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">args<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"anna@example.com\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"boris@example.com\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">31<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" age=\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" age=\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"created=\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">1 anna@example.com age=0\n2 boris@example.com age=31\ncreated=2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">age<\/code> &#8212; <strong>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430<\/strong>: \u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b<\/code> \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b.age<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a.age<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">created<\/code> &#8212; <strong>\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/strong> (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">static<\/code>): \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">User.created<\/code>;<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">id<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">final<\/code>: \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437 (\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c &#8212; \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435), \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f;<\/li>\n<li>\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">age<\/code> \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a<\/code> \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 0. \u0412 Java \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">boolean<\/code> &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">false<\/code>, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">String<\/code>) &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">null<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435<\/h3>\n<p>\u041b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Local<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">field<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">args<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">local<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">field<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">local<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 (javac \u0438\u0437 JDK 25):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Local.java:6: error: variable local might not have been initialized\n        System.out.println(local);\n                           ^\n1 error\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int local = 0;<\/code>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0<\/code> \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/h3>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">this<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Shadow<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">args<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">u<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">User<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"anna@example.com\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">u<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">null<\/code>. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email<\/code> \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email = email<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">this.email = email;<\/code> &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">this.<\/code> \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e private<\/h3>\n<p>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0412 Java \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 (package-private)<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">protected<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">public<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private<\/code> \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">private<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Priv<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">args<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">();<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">500<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Priv.java:7: error: balance has private access in Account\n        acc.balance = -500;\n           ^\n1 error\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">private<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">getBalance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">withdraw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">||<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">throw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">IllegalArgumentException<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430: \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">balance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Priv2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">public<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">[]<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">args<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">new<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Account<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">();<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">withdraw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">30<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">System<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">out<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">getBalance<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">());<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">acc<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">withdraw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">500<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">70<\/code>, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">IllegalArgumentException: \u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430: 500<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">withdraw<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private<\/code> \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 &#8212; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/strong> (property) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b (\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440). \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0432 C# \u0438 Kotlin \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">user.Email = \"...\"<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f;<\/li>\n<li>\u0432 Java \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">getEmail()<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">setEmail()<\/code> \u043d\u0430\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private<\/code>-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">record<\/code> \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">final<\/code>-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email()<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446: \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u044f, \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b &#8212; <strong>\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/strong>, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f &#8212; \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 SQLite 3.51 (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code>, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e &#8212; \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">|<\/code>).<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">UNIQUE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CHECK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'anna@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'boris@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">31<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">1|anna@example.com|\n2|boris@example.com|31\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">id<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447: \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0438 SQLite \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 1 \u0438 2. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">age<\/code> \u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code>, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0435\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'anna@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">25<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'ivan@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Runtime error near line 11: UNIQUE constraint failed: users.email (19)\nRuntime error near line 12: CHECK constraint failed: age &gt;= 0 (19)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430: \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 11 \u0438 12. \u041d\u043e \u0443 SQLite \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (type affinity). \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">'\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a'<\/code> \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">age<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INTEGER<\/code>, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CHECK<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'oleg@example.com'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">email<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">typeof<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">users<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">1|anna@example.com||null\n2|boris@example.com|31|integer\n3|oleg@example.com|\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a|text\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">STRICT<\/code>, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0441 SQLite 3.37): \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CREATE TABLE<\/code>. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">cannot store TEXT value in INTEGER column users.age (19)<\/code>. \u0412 PostgreSQL \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u0432 MySQL &#8212; \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sql_mode<\/code> (\u043e\u043d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 5.7, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 0 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c). \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0443 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">name<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">form<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">method<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"post\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">action<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\/signup\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\n  <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>Email <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">input<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"email\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"email\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">required<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;&lt;\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\n  <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">input<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"number\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"age\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">min<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"0\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;&lt;\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\n  <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">button<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"submit\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">button<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&lt;\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">form<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">&gt;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">type=\"email\"<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">required<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">min<\/code> \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f), \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 SQL \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b (\u0432 Java &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PreparedStatement<\/code>), \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 &#8212; \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c HTML.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 email\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u042d\u0442\u0430\u043f<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;input name=\"email\"&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440 (\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email=anna%40example.com<\/code><\/td>\n<td>&#8212;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private String email;<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, Spring) \u0443\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0430 ORM &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0412 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e; \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 Java \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0443 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438; \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b &#8212; \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">name<\/code>; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">private<\/code> \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 JDBC &#8212; \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e Java-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/java-basic\/?int_article=pole-chto-eto-takoe-v-obydennoj-zhizni-i-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abJava \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb<\/a>. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e \u041e\u041e\u041f \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=pole-chto-eto-takoe-v-obydennoj-zhizni-i-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0412 UML \u0438 Python \u00ab\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b; \u0432 HTML \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442 &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0433\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">name<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">type<\/code>), \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">b.age<\/code> \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 C \u0438 C++, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">unsigned flag : 1;<\/code>. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e: \u0444\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb (\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b. field) \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5028,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[65],"class_list":["post-5027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-programmirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 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