{"id":502,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=502"},"modified":"2026-09-24T13:01:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T13:01:59","slug":"chto-takoe-model-mvc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/chto-takoe-model-mvc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 MVC: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"

MVC (Model-View-Controller)<\/strong> — \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/strong> \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f (\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a, HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441) \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0431-MVC<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440: \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. \u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. MVC \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. MVC, MVP \u0438 MVVM: \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c MVC \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u0432\u0435\u0431-MVC (\u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b Rails, Laravel, Spring MVC, ASP.NET Core MVC) \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440: \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 — \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00abMVC \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c<\/th>\n\u0417\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n\u0427\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Model (\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c)<\/td>\n\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0411\u0414<\/td>\n\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c HTML, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e URL<\/td>\n\u00ab\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u00bb, \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    View (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)<\/td>\n\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: HTML-\u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d, \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d, JSON<\/td>\n\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Controller (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440)<\/td>\n\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a GET \/products\/42<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f-\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044c: \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0445\u043d\u044e, \u043a\u0443\u0445\u043d\u044f (\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c) \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435) — \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n

    \u0423 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c — \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440, \u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442.<\/p>\n

    \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0431-MVC<\/h2>\n

    \u041f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 GET \/courses\/2<\/code> (\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430):<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0420\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438 URL \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430: GET \/courses\/<id><\/code> -> CourseController.detail<\/code>.<\/li>\n
    2. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435: id<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c.<\/li>\n
    3. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u00ab\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0441 id = 2\u00bb.<\/li>\n
    4. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043a \u0411\u0414 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u00bb.<\/li>\n
    5. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442: \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c — \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 200, \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 — \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 404.<\/li>\n
    6. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 HTML, \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0443.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c middleware (\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, CSRF, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0411\u0414 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n

      \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python<\/h2>\n

      \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c MVC \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0435 Python: sqlite3<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, html<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, re<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 Python 3.14.7 (\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 python:3.14-slim<\/code>).<\/p>\n

      import<\/span> <\/span>html<\/span>\nimport<\/span> <\/span>re<\/span>\nimport<\/span> <\/span>sqlite3<\/span>\n\n\n# ---------- Model: \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 ----------<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>CourseModel<\/span>:<\/span>\n    def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> conn<\/span>):<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>conn<\/span> =<\/span> conn<\/span>\n        conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>\n            \"CREATE TABLE courses (\"<\/span>\n            \" id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\"<\/span>\n            \" title TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (length(title) BETWEEN 3 AND 80))\"<\/span>\n        )<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> title<\/span>):<\/span>\n        if<\/span> not<\/span> isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>,<\/span> str<\/span>):<\/span>\n            raise<\/span> ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n        title<\/span> =<\/span> title<\/span>.<\/span>strip<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> not<\/span> 3<\/span> <=<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>)<\/span> <=<\/span> 80<\/span>:<\/span>\n            raise<\/span> ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0442 3 \u0434\u043e 80 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n        cur<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>\"INSERT INTO courses (title) VALUES (?)\"<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>title<\/span>,))<\/span>\n        return<\/span> cur<\/span>.<\/span>lastrowid<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>all<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>\"SELECT id, title FROM courses ORDER BY id\"<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>fetchall<\/span>()<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> course_id<\/span>):<\/span>\n        return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>conn<\/span>.<\/span>execute<\/span>(<\/span>\n            \"SELECT id, title FROM courses WHERE id = ?\"<\/span>,<\/span> (<\/span>course_id<\/span>,)<\/span>\n        )<\/span>.<\/span>fetchone<\/span>()<\/span>\n\n\n# ---------- View: \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 ----------<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>render_list<\/span>(<\/span>courses<\/span>):<\/span>\n    items<\/span> =<\/span> \"\"<\/span>.<\/span>join<\/span>(<\/span>\n        f'<li><a href=\"\/courses\/{<\/span>cid<\/span>}\">{<\/span>html<\/span>.<\/span>escape<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/a><\/li>'<\/span>\n        for<\/span> cid<\/span>,<\/span> title<\/span> in<\/span> courses<\/span>\n    )<\/span>\n    return<\/span> f\"<h1>\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b<\/h1><ul>{<\/span>items<\/span>}<\/ul>\"<\/span>\n\n\ndef<\/span> <\/span>render_detail<\/span>(<\/span>course<\/span>):<\/span>\n    cid<\/span>,<\/span> title<\/span> =<\/span> course<\/span>\n    return<\/span> f\"<h1>{<\/span>html<\/span>.<\/span>escape<\/span>(<\/span>title<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/h1><p>id = {<\/span>cid<\/span>}<\/p>\"<\/span>\n\n\ndef<\/span> <\/span>render_error<\/span>(<\/span>status<\/span>,<\/span> text<\/span>):<\/span>\n    return<\/span> f\"<h1>{<\/span>status<\/span>}<\/h1><p>{<\/span>html<\/span>.<\/span>escape<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/p>\"<\/span>\n\n\n# ---------- Controller: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 ----------<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>CourseController<\/span>:<\/span>\n    def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> model<\/span>):<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span> =<\/span> model<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>list<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        return<\/span> 200<\/span>,<\/span> render_list<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span>.<\/span>all<\/span>())<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>detail<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> raw_id<\/span>):<\/span>\n        course<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span>(<\/span>raw_id<\/span>))<\/span>\n        if<\/span> course<\/span> is<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> 404<\/span>,<\/span> render_error<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> \"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n        return<\/span> 200<\/span>,<\/span> render_detail<\/span>(<\/span>course<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>create<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> form<\/span>):<\/span>\n        try<\/span>:<\/span>\n            self<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>form<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n        except<\/span> ValueError<\/span> as<\/span> err<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> 400<\/span>,<\/span> render_error<\/span>(<\/span>400<\/span>,<\/span> str<\/span>(<\/span>err<\/span>))<\/span>\n        return<\/span> 303<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\"<\/span>\n\n\nROUTES<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\n    (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> re<\/span>.<\/span>compile<\/span>(<\/span>r\"\/courses\"<\/span>),<\/span> \"list\"<\/span>),<\/span>\n    (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> re<\/span>.<\/span>compile<\/span>(<\/span>r\"\/courses\/([0-9]{1,9})\"<\/span>),<\/span> \"detail\"<\/span>),<\/span>\n    (<\/span>\"POST\"<\/span>,<\/span> re<\/span>.<\/span>compile<\/span>(<\/span>r\"\/courses\"<\/span>),<\/span> \"create\"<\/span>),<\/span>\n]<\/span>\n\n\ndef<\/span> <\/span>dispatch<\/span>(<\/span>controller<\/span>,<\/span> method<\/span>,<\/span> path<\/span>,<\/span> form<\/span>=<\/span>None<\/span>):<\/span>\n    allowed<\/span> =<\/span> []<\/span>\n    for<\/span> route_method<\/span>,<\/span> pattern<\/span>,<\/span> action<\/span> in<\/span> ROUTES<\/span>:<\/span>\n        match<\/span> =<\/span> pattern<\/span>.<\/span>fullmatch<\/span>(<\/span>path<\/span>)<\/span>\n        if<\/span> not<\/span> match<\/span>:<\/span>\n            continue<\/span>\n        if<\/span> route_method<\/span> !=<\/span> method<\/span>:<\/span>\n            allowed<\/span>.<\/span>append<\/span>(<\/span>route_method<\/span>)<\/span>\n            continue<\/span>\n        handler<\/span> =<\/span> getattr<\/span>(<\/span>controller<\/span>,<\/span> action<\/span>)<\/span>\n        if<\/span> action<\/span> ==<\/span> \"create\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> handler<\/span>(<\/span>form<\/span> or<\/span> {})<\/span>\n        return<\/span> handler<\/span>(<\/span>*<\/span>match<\/span>.<\/span>groups<\/span>())<\/span>\n    if<\/span> allowed<\/span>:<\/span>\n        return<\/span> 405<\/span>,<\/span> render_error<\/span>(<\/span>405<\/span>,<\/span> \"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e: \"<\/span> +<\/span> \", \"<\/span>.<\/span>join<\/span>(<\/span>allowed<\/span>))<\/span>\n    return<\/span> 404<\/span>,<\/span> render_error<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> \"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\nif<\/span> __name__<\/span> ==<\/span> \"__main__\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n    app<\/span> =<\/span> CourseController<\/span>(<\/span>CourseModel<\/span>(<\/span>sqlite3<\/span>.<\/span>connect<\/span>(<\/span>\":memory:\"<\/span>)))<\/span>\n    app<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>\"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n    app<\/span>.<\/span>model<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>\"Python <\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445>\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n    requests<\/span> =<\/span> [<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\/2\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\/99\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\/abc\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"GET\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\/\\u0661\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"DELETE\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\/2\"<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"POST\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\"<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"  Go  \"<\/span>}),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"POST\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\"<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>:<\/span> [<\/span>\"\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\"<\/span>]}),<\/span>\n        (<\/span>\"POST\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"\/courses\"<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"SQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\"<\/span>}),<\/span>\n    ]<\/span>\n    for<\/span> method<\/span>,<\/span> path<\/span>,<\/span> form<\/span> in<\/span> requests<\/span>:<\/span>\n        status<\/span>,<\/span> body<\/span> =<\/span> dispatch<\/span>(<\/span>app<\/span>,<\/span> method<\/span>,<\/span> path<\/span>,<\/span> form<\/span>)<\/span>\n        print<\/span>(<\/span>method<\/span>,<\/span> ascii<\/span>(<\/span>path<\/span>),<\/span> \"->\"<\/span>,<\/span> status<\/span>,<\/span> body<\/span>)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432 mvc_demo.py<\/code> \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 python3 mvc_demo.py<\/code>. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a — \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb:<\/p>\n
      GET '\/courses' -> 200 <h1>\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b<\/h1><ul><li><a href="\/courses\/1">\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li><li><a href="\/courses\/2">Python &lt;\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445&gt;<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\nGET '\/courses\/2' -> 200 <h1>Python &lt;\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445&gt;<\/h1><p>id = 2<\/p>\nGET '\/courses\/99' -> 404 <h1>404<\/h1><p>\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d<\/p>\nGET '\/courses\/abc' -> 404 <h1>404<\/h1><p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/p>\nGET '\/courses\/\\u0661' -> 404 <h1>404<\/h1><p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/p>\nDELETE '\/courses\/2' -> 405 <h1>405<\/h1><p>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e: GET<\/p>\nPOST '\/courses' -> 400 <h1>400<\/h1><p>\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0442 3 \u0434\u043e 80 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/p>\nPOST '\/courses' -> 400 <h1>400<\/h1><p>\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/p>\nPOST '\/courses' -> 303 \/courses\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440: \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/h2>\n
      \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/strong> CourseModel<\/code> \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u043e\u0442 3 \u0434\u043e 80 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c (\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e CHECK<\/code> \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435), \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432. SQL-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d (?<\/code>), \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n
      \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> — \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 render_*<\/code>. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 — html.escape<\/code>: \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00abPython <\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445>\u00bb \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a &lt;...&gt;<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0433.<\/p>\n
      \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440<\/strong> CourseController<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 dispatch<\/code> \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 404: \/courses\/99<\/code> — \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c (\u00ab\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u00bb); \/courses\/abc<\/code> — \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b (\u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\u00bb). \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 — DELETE \/courses\/2<\/code>: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 405, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 404. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c HTTP-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 405 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a Allow<\/code> \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (RFC 9110); \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435.<\/p>\n
      \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 [0-9]<\/code> \u0438 fullmatch<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \\u0661<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \"\\u0661\".isdigit()<\/code> \u0432 Python \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 True<\/code>, \u0430 int()<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0432 1. \u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 400, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u00ab  Go  \u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 strip()<\/code> \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 — \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 400. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 303 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e POST — \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00abredirect after POST\u00bb, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437.<\/p>\n
      \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n
      \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c MVC — \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u044b\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n
      def<\/span> <\/span>render_detail_bad<\/span>(<\/span>course<\/span>):<\/span>\n    cid<\/span>,<\/span> title<\/span> =<\/span> course<\/span>\n    return<\/span> f\"<h1>{<\/span>title<\/span>}<\/h1><p>id = {<\/span>cid<\/span>}<\/p>\"<\/span>\n\n\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>render_detail_bad<\/span>((<\/span>3<\/span>,<\/span> \"<script>alert(1)<\/script>\"<\/span>)))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 — \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u044d\u0442\u043e XSS:<\/p>\n
      <h1><script>alert(1)<\/script><\/h1><p>id = 3<\/p>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 — \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 render_detail<\/code>: html.escape(title)<\/code>. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 (Jinja2 \u0441 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c autoescape, \u0448\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b Django, Blade \u0432 Laravel, Razor \u0432 ASP.NET Core) \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e HTML.<\/p>\n
      \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n