{"id":4637,"date":"2026-09-23T03:56:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T03:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=4637"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:36:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:36:31","slug":"testirovanie-ot-a-do-ya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/testirovanie-ot-a-do-ya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e: \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c. \u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s12\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 (error, mistake)<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;=<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0414\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 (defect, bug)<\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u0437\u044a\u044f\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0412 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0431\u043e\u0439 (failure)<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 3000 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;<\/code> \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>QA (\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0426\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430: \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 -&gt; \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 -&gt; \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0430 QA \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430: <strong>\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u00bb (\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438), <strong>\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u00ab\u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u00bb (\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b ISTQB, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/strong>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/strong>: \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/strong>, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 (unit)<\/td>\n<td>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/td>\n<td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0411\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0442\u044b: \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 API \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u00bb, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434 &#8212; \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb. <strong>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412\u0438\u0434<\/th>\n<th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432 id \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u042e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438: <strong>\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 (smoke)<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b; <strong>\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0420\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435, &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434 (\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f). <strong>\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439. <strong>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a<\/strong> &#8212; \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 API. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 <strong>\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435<\/strong> \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430: \u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437) \u0438 <strong>\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435<\/strong> (\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439<\/th>\n<th>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, API, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0448\u0435: \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d<\/td>\n<td>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435; UI-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0445\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u00ab\u0438\u043b\u0438-\u0438\u043b\u0438\u00bb: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u043a\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong> &#8212; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a \u041a\u043e\u043d. \u0412\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (API, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b), \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 (end-to-end) \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0431\u00bb). \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d &#8212; \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb: \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 UI-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430: \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 3000 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 300 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b: 2999, 3000 \u0438 3001. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 Python 3 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">unittest<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">FREE_FROM<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3000<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">PRICE<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">300<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">raise<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ValueError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">FREE_FROM<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">else<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">PRICE<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">ShippingTest<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TestCase<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_below_threshold<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertEqual<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2999<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">300<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_exactly_threshold<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertEqual<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_above_threshold<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertEqual<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3001<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_negative_total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">with<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertRaises<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ValueError<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n            <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">argv<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"x\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">],<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">exit<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">False<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">verbosity<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">failures<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0438\u0437\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">testsRun<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">OK<\/code> \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e: 0 \u0438\u0437 4<\/code>. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3000<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">else<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">300<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c &gt;=<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">class<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">ShippingTest<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TestCase<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_exactly_threshold<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertEqual<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3000<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">test_above_threshold<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">self<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">assertEqual<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shipping_cost<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3001<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">unittest<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">argv<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"x\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">],<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">exit<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">False<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">verbosity<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">failures<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0438\u0437\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">result<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">testsRun<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">test_exactly_threshold<\/code> \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">AssertionError: 300 != 0<\/code>, \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e: 1 \u0438\u0437 2<\/code>. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0441 3001 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u00bb, \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;=<\/code>, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439, &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a (\u0432 Agile-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong> &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u043a\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043a-\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0433-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b<\/strong> &#8212; \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 (unit, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435) \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u00bb, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b (\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435) &#8212; \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 &#8212; \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 QA-\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0433-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e, \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/qa-engineer\/?int_article=testirovanie-ot-a-do-ya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abQA Engineer\u00bb<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=testirovanie-ot-a-do-ya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 unit-\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u043a\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043a-\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u043a\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0427\u0435\u043a-\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432; \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 100% \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432 100% \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":4638,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e: 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