{"id":4323,"date":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=4323"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:34:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:34:49","slug":"kompjuternye-seti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/kompjuternye-seti\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438: \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b (\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b), \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 TCP\/IP, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0414\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: ping, traceroute \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b 23 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: Python 3.14 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 Ubuntu 24.04. \u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c: \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b (\u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442)<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u041f\u041a, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n<td>&#8212;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (switch)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e MAC-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (router)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430: \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 (IP, TCP, DNS, HTTP)<\/td>\n<td>\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443<\/h2>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412\u0438\u0434<\/th>\n<th>\u041e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>PAN (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td>Bluetooth, USB<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>LAN (\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0441, \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436, \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet, Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>MAN (\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430, Metro Ethernet<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>WAN (\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 <strong>WLAN<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e Wi-Fi), \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c LAN, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 WLAN (Wireless LAN) \u0438 WAN (Wide Area Network): \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e LAN, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 WAN (\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b, <strong>\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044b<\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044b<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0428\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 Ethernet \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<td>\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 &#8212; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f LAN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u041b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0444\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u042f\u0447\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f (mesh)<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, mesh-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u00ab\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0445, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 <strong>\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435<\/strong> (\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440) \u0438 <strong>\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/strong> (\u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c <strong>OSI<\/strong> \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 &#8212; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u00bb). \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c <strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>TCP\/IP<\/th>\n<th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 OSI<\/th>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<td>7, 6, 5<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c<\/td>\n<td>HTTP, DNS, SMTP, SSH<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<td>TCP, UDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439)<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n<td>IP, ICMP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438)<\/td>\n<td>2, 1<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435<\/td>\n<td>Ethernet, Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c OSI, \u0430 TLS, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438: \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c), TCP \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439), IP \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439), \u0430 Ethernet \u0438\u043b\u0438 Wi-Fi \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u0434\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437<\/h2>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 IP-\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 DHCP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441<\/strong> &#8212; \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430. \u0412 IPv4 \u044d\u0442\u043e 32 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c\u043c\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 255: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.1.37<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f &#8212; \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">255.255.255.0<\/code> \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/24<\/code>: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 24 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0428\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/strong> &#8212; \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">10.0.0.0\/8<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">172.16.0.0\/12<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.0.0\/16<\/code>. \u0418\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 (NAT) \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 IPv4 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>IPv6<\/strong> \u0441 128-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 + \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441 + \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u00bb \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0443. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ipaddress<\/code> \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 Python:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">plan<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">host_cidr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gateway<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">iface<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip_interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">host_cidr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>      <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 + \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">net<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">iface<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">network<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gw<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip_address<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gateway<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">iface<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">iface<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">netmask<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">net<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gw<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">not<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">net<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"  \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gw<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">} \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">net<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip_address<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">net<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n            <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"  {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:&gt;14} -&gt; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">else<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n            <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">f\"  {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">dst<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">:&gt;14} -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 {<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">gw<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">}\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.200\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.2.10\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"203.0.113.10\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">]<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">plan<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.37\/24\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">plan<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.37\/25\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \/25 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \/24<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">plan<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.37\/24\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.0.1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">targets<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 Python 3.14:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b 192.168.1.37, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 255.255.255.0, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c 192.168.1.0\/24\n   192.168.1.200 -&gt; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e\n    192.168.2.10 -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.1.1\n    203.0.113.10 -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.1.1\n\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b 192.168.1.37, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 255.255.255.128, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c 192.168.1.0\/25\n   192.168.1.200 -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.1.1\n    192.168.2.10 -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.1.1\n    203.0.113.10 -&gt; \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.1.1\n\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b 192.168.1.37, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 255.255.255.0, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c 192.168.1.0\/24\n  \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 192.168.0.1 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 192.168.1.0\/24, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/24<\/code> \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.1.0<\/code>&#8212;<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.1.255<\/code>: \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.200<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437.<\/li>\n<li>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/25<\/code> \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.0<\/code>&#8212;<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.127<\/code>), \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.37<\/code> \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.200<\/code> \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0443, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c &#8212; \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u0428\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c: \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">203.0.113.10<\/code> \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438<\/h3>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ipaddress<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ip_network<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"192.168.1.37\/24\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ValueError: 192.168.1.37\/24 has host bits set\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip_network<\/code> \u0436\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 (\u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e), \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.37<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip_interface(\"192.168.1.37\/24\").network<\/code>, \u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip_network(\"192.168.1.37\/24\", strict=False)<\/code>. \u041e\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.1.0\/24<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n<th>Windows<\/th>\n<th>Linux<\/th>\n<th>macOS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ipconfig \/all<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip addr<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ifconfig<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0428\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">route print<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip route<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">netstat -rn<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping -c 4 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping -c 4 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">tracert \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">tracepath \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 DNS<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nslookup \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nslookup \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">dig \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nslookup \u0438\u043c\u044f<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 TCP-\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Test-NetConnection \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b -Port 443<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc -vz \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b 443<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc -vz \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b 443<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0412 Linux <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-c<\/code> \u0448\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u043e Ctrl+C; \u0432 Windows \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">dig<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc<\/code>) \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0445 Linux \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip -4 addr<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip route<\/code> \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435 Ubuntu 24.04 (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">2: eth0@if741: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 ...\n    inet 172.17.0.10\/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0\ndefault via 172.17.0.1 dev eth0\n172.17.0.0\/16 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.10\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a: \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">172.17.0.10<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\/16<\/code>, \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">172.17.0.1<\/code>, \u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">172.17.0.0\/16<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">eth0<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0414\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: ping, traceroute \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ping<\/strong> \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 ICMP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u0436\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e IP \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 ICMP, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 ICMP, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 ping \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">PING 172.17.0.1 (172.17.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.\n64 bytes from 172.17.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.038 ms\n64 bytes from 172.17.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.143 ms\n\n--- 172.17.0.1 ping statistics ---\n2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1020ms\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">packet loss<\/code> (\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">time<\/code> (\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e). \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 LAN \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><strong>traceroute<\/strong> (\u0432 Windows &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">tracert<\/code>) \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u0423\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c TTL, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c TTL \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">* * *<\/code> \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">traceroute to 1.1.1.1 (1.1.1.1), 5 hops max, 60 byte packets\n 1  172.17.0.1  0.017 ms  0.009 ms  0.003 ms\n 2  * * *\n 3  * * *\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 &#8212; \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u0412 Linux \u0438 macOS <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute<\/code> \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0448\u043b\u0435\u0442 UDP-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0430 Windows <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">tracert<\/code> &#8212; ICMP, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u00bb<\/h3>\n<p>\u0418\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c, Wi-Fi, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0435 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip addr<\/code>: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UP<\/code>).<\/li>\n<li>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ipconfig \/all<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip addr<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip route<\/code>).<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping &lt;\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430&gt;<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping<\/code> \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">traceroute<\/code> \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 DNS: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nslookup example.com<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc -vz &lt;\u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b&gt; 443<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Test-NetConnection<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/th>\n<th>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">169.254.x.x<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 DHCP<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0428\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ping \u043f\u043e IP \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 DNS<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nslookup<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Name or service not known<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f (\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 DNS)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0438 DNS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Connection refused<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 &#8212; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0432 Ubuntu 24.04: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ping: nonexistent-host.invalid: Name or service not known<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nc: connect to 127.0.0.1 port 8080 (tcp) failed: Connection refused<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442. \u041d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043b \u00ab\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 &#8212; \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 PAN, LAN, MAN \u0438 WAN; WLAN &#8212; \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f LAN, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 LAN \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li>OSI &#8212; \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439, TCP\/IP &#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0443; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 IP, DNS, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442. Ping \u0438 traceroute \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e IP, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 API \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e IP, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/setevoy-inzhener-basic\/?int_article=kompjuternye-seti&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u00abNetwork Engineer. Basic\u00bb<\/a>. \u0410 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=kompjuternye-seti&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f LAN \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 IPv6, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 IPv4?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 IPv4 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 IPv6, \u0438 \u0443 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d. \u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ipconfig<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ip addr<\/code>?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">192.168.x.x<\/code>). \u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 NAT, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b (\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b), \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 TCP\/IP, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":4324,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[181],"class_list":["post-4323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-seti"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c: LAN \u0438 WAN, \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 OSI \u0438 TCP\/IP, IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 ping \u0438 traceroute.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/kompjuternye-seti\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b, \\u043c\\u043e\\u0434\\u0435\\u043b\\u0438, IP \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0430\\u0433\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430 | Otus\",\"headline\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0438, IP-\\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0430\\u0433\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/oj-1080x720-7-1.png\",\"width\":1080,\"height\":720},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-23T09:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T15:34:49+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435, \\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0438, IP-\\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0430\\u0433\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\\u041a\\u043e\\u043c\\u043f\\u044c\\u044e\\u0442\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044b\\u0435 \\u0441\\u0435\\u0442\\u0438: \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b, \\u0442\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433\\u0438\\u0438, IP-\\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441 \\u0438 \\u0434\\u0438\\u0430\\u0433\\u043d\\u043e\\u0441\\u0442\\u0438\\u043a\\u0430\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/category\\\/polza\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u043b\\u0435\\u0437\\u043d\\u043e\\u0435\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u041e\\u0442\\u0443\\u0441 \\u043e\\u043d\\u043b\\u0430\\u0439\\u043d-\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0437\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0435\",\"description\":\"\\u0411\\u043b\\u043e\\u0433 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e IT\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/\",\"telephone\":\"+74999389202\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/OTUS-journal-logo-180x180-1.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/kompjuternye-seti\\\/#organizationLogo\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCetgtvy93o3i3CvyGXKFU3g\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/author\\\/a-pavlenko\\\/\",\"name\":\"A. 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