{"id":417,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=417"},"modified":"2026-09-24T13:04:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T13:04:55","slug":"interfejsy-v-golang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/interfejsy-v-golang\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0432 Golang: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, any \u0438 type switch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441<\/strong> \u0432 Go (Golang) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, <strong>\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e<\/strong>: \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">implements<\/code> \u0432 Go \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f + \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">io.Writer: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 interface{} \u0438 any<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">Type assertion \u0438 type switch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b-\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438: \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e -&gt; \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 -&gt; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s12\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">interface{}<\/code> \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code>, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 type assertion \u0438 type switch, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 Go 1.27.1 (linux\/arm64), \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">type X interface { ... }<\/code>, \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f<\/strong> &#8212; struct, int, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">X<\/code>: \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nil<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (method set)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u0423 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">T<\/code> \u0438 \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*T<\/code> \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f: \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u00bb &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0448 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442. \u0412 Go \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talker<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talk()<\/code>\u00bb.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ talker - \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441: \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c talk() string<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">martian<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">m<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">martian<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"nack nack\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">laser<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">l<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">laser<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"pew x%d\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">l<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ shout \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u043c talker \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"!\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 - nil<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">martian<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">laser<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">shout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%T %v\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">nack nack!\npew x3!\nmain.laser 3\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">martian<\/code> (struct \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439) \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">laser<\/code> (\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e) \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talker<\/code>. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talk() string<\/code> \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">shout<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talk()<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">shout<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 &#8212; \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">%T<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439: \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">main.laser<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0444\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c \u00ab-er\u00bb: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talker<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Reader<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">fmt.Stringer<\/code>. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">stone struct{}<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talk()<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var t talker = stone{}<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">.\/main.go:10:17: cannot use stone{} (value of struct type stone) as talker value in variable declaration: stone does not implement talker (missing method talk)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0443, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var _ io.Writer = (*countingWriter)(nil)<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">io.Writer: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io<\/code> \u0441 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)<\/code>. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">os.Stdout<\/code> \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*os.File<\/code>), <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*bytes.Buffer<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*strings.Builder<\/code>, HTTP-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">http.ResponseWriter<\/code>), \u0441\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*gzip.Writer<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"bytes\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"io\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"os\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"strings\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ report \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 io.Writer: \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, HTTP-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">report<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Writer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">score<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Fprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%s: %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">score<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ countingWriter \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 Writer \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">countingWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Writer<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">countingWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Write<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> []<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">byte<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Write<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">report<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">os<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Stdout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"stdout\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">buf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Buffer<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">report<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">buf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"buffer\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 -&gt; \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">buf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">())<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">sb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">strings<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Builder<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">countingWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">: <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">sb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">report<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"builder\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">report<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%q, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442: %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">sb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(), <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ compile-time \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430: *countingWriter \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 io.Writer<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Writer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">countingWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">stdout: 1\n\u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 -&gt; buffer: 2\n&quot;builder: 3\\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442: 4\\n&quot;, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442: 27\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">countingWriter<\/code> \u0441\u0430\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0421\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b: \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u0432 UTF-8 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 12 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 27, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 21.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">report<\/code> \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">main<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Write<\/code> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n<p>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.ReadWriter<\/code>: \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Reader<\/code> \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Writer<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"bytes\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"io\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: readWriter = \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b io.Reader + \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b io.Writer<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">readWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Reader<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Writer<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">readWriter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bytes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Buffer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Fprint<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"hello\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ReadAll<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Writer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rw<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435 -&gt; \u0443\u0436\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">isReader<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Reader<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">isReader<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">hello<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">true<\/code>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u00ab\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 type assertion (\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435): \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">w<\/code> \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Write<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*bytes.Buffer<\/code> \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Read<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">true<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 interface{} \u0438 any<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">interface{}<\/code> \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f. \u0421 Go 1.18 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">fmt.Println(a ...any)<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d: \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e JSON \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">map[string]any<\/code>, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0430 &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">Type assertion \u0438 type switch<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Type assertion<\/strong> <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">v.(T)<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">T<\/code> (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441). <strong>Type switch<\/strong> \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">describe<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">any<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">switch<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.(<\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"nil\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"int, x*2 = %d\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"string \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 %d \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">len<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Stringer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"Stringer: \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">()<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"error: \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">()<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">default<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f %T\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{ <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">String<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> { <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sprintf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"(%d;%d)\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">values<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> []<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">any<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">42<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Errorf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3.14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">range<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">values<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">describe<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">any<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"Go\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ok<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ok<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ok<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">ok<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">v<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0431\u0435\u0437 ok: \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">int, x*2 = 84\nstring \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 12 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\nStringer: (1;2)\nerror: \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\n\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f float64\nnil\nGo true\n0 false\npanic: interface conversion: interface {} is string, not int\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">case<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x<\/code> \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438: \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">case int<\/code> \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">case string<\/code> \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">len<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">point<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">fmt.Stringer<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">String()<\/code>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">s, ok := v.(T)<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ok == false<\/code>, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">s<\/code> &#8212; \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">T<\/code>. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ok<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">interface {}<\/code> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430<\/td>\n<td>\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x, ok := v.(T)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">switch x := v.(type)<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">%w<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">errors.AsType[*E](err)<\/code> (Go 1.26+) \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">errors.As<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 assertion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b-\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421 Go 1.18 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">~int | ~float64<\/code>. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 &#8212; <strong>\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (constraint)<\/strong> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    ~<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> ~<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">float64<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">[<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">T<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">](<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">xs<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> []<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">T<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">T<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">T<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">for<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">_<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">range<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">xs<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">s<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">([]<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Sum<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">([]<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">float64<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.25<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">6<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0.75<\/code>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var n Number = 5<\/code>, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">.\/main.go:10:8: cannot use type Number outside a type constraint: interface contains type constraints\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438: \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e -&gt; \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 -&gt; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<h3>1. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/h3>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*robot<\/code>, \u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">robot<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{ <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"I am \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">: <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"R2\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">())<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">.\/main.go:17:17: cannot use robot{\u2026} (value of struct type robot) as talker value in variable declaration: robot does not implement talker (method talk has pointer receiver)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430: \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">robot<\/code> \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">talk<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*robot<\/code>. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{ <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"I am \"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talker<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">: <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"R2\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">} <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e: \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">t<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">())<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">robot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">: <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"C3\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">talk<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">()) <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0443 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442: Go \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 &amp;r \u0441\u0430\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">I am R2<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">I am C3<\/code>. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">r.talk()<\/code> \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e Go \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;<\/code> \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0441 nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d nil<\/h3>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error<\/code>, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">package<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"errors\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"fmt\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">type<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">struct<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">string<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> { <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"my error\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 error<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">check<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fail<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fail<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b nil<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">checkFixed<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fail<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bool<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">error<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fail<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">{}<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    }<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">func<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">check<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">false<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)       <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ false<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%T %v\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">err<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">checkFixed<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">false<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">nil<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ true<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">var<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">target<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">myErr<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">fmt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Println<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">errors<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">As<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">check<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">true<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">target<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">false\n*main.myErr my error\ntrue\ntrue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nil<\/code>, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">check(false)<\/code> \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*main.myErr<\/code>), \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">err != nil<\/code>, \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nil<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">my error<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Error()<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442 nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">go vet<\/code> \u0432 Go 1.27.1 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Type assertion \u0431\u0435\u0437 ok<\/h3>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">n := v.(int)<\/code>, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">v<\/code> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">panic: interface conversion: interface {} is string, not int<\/code> (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435). \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">n, ok := v.(int)<\/code> \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ok<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 type switch \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">default<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">==<\/code> \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code>, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b (\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437\u044b, map, \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438), \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">panic: runtime error: comparing uncomparable type []int<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 Go (\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e Go Code Review Comments, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430), \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b.<\/strong> \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d-\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Reader<\/code>\/<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code>. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/strong> \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Save<\/code>\u00bb, \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441; \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb &#8212; \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/strong> \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0439\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0432 Go \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f + \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb; \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">nil<\/code>, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0441 nil-\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">error<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">interface{}<\/code> \u0441 Go 1.18; \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">v.(T)<\/code> \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ok<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 type switch.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432: \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">~int | ~float64<\/code>) &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0432 Go \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435: \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 HTTP (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">http.Handler<\/code>), \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, middleware-\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">http.ResponseWriter<\/code>. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/go-basic\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=interfejsy-v-golang&amp;utm_content=course\">\u00abGo-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb<\/a>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=interfejsy-v-golang&amp;utm_content=events\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0414\u0430. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*bytes.Buffer<\/code> \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Reader<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">io.Writer<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">fmt.Stringer<\/code> \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 (\u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441 PGO, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 Go 1.21, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432). \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u043d\u0447\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">go test -bench<\/code>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 map?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043b\u0438 map, \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">panic: runtime error: hash of unhashable type []int<\/code>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0432 Go (Golang) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e: \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 implements \u0432 Go \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f + \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":476,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[36,37],"class_list":["post-417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-go","tag-golang"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0432 Go: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 interface{} \u0438 any, type assertion \u0438 type switch, io.Writer \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. 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