{"id":3829,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=3829"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:29:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:29:20","slug":"nasledovanie-v-programmirovanii-na-primere-c-i-java","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/nasledovanie-v-programmirovanii-na-primere-c-i-java\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 C++ \u0438 Java"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong> — \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041e\u041e\u041f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443: \u0432 C++ \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/strong> (base class) \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/strong> (derived class), \u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/strong> (superclass) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/strong> (subclass) — \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b Java. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0432 C++\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043c — \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 C++ \u0438 Java<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. super \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. virtual \u0438 override: \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: public, protected, private<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0431<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432: upcast \u0438 downcast<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n
  11. FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 — \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430, virtual<\/code> \u0438 @Override<\/code>, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u0434 C++ \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432 Apple clang 21 (-std=c++20<\/code>), \u043a\u043e\u0434 Java — \u0432 OpenJDK 25.0.4 (Java 25 LTS), 24 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n

    \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/th>\nC++<\/th>\nJava<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442<\/td>\n\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/td>\n\u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441-\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/td>\n\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441<\/td>\nclass Laptop : public Device<\/code><\/td>\nclass Laptop extends Device<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0412\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 : Device(name)<\/code><\/td>\nsuper(name);<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0412\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td>\nDevice::describe()<\/code><\/td>\nsuper.describe()<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 super<\/code> \u0432 C++ \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u043a \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 ::<\/code>. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e super<\/code> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0423 MSVC \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 __super<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n

    \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 C++ \u0438 Java<\/h2>\n

    \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430: \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 Device<\/code> \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c describe()<\/code>. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 Laptop<\/code> \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

    \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 C++<\/h3>\n
    #include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><memory><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><string><\/span>\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span> {                       <\/span>\/\/ \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/span>\npublic<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <\/span>explicit<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span>(<\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>) <\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>name_<\/span>(<\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>move<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>)) {<\/span>\n        <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\"Device(\"<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>name_<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\")\\n\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n    <\/span>virtual<\/span> <\/span>~<\/span>Device<\/span>() { <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\"~Device\\n\"<\/span>; }<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>virtual<\/span> <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>describe<\/span>() <\/span>const<\/span> { <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>\"device \"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>name_<\/span>; }<\/span>\n\nprotected<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>name_<\/span>;<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Laptop<\/span> <\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>public<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span> {       <\/span>\/\/ \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/span>\npublic<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <\/span>Laptop<\/span>(<\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>battery<\/span>)<\/span>\n        <\/span>:<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span>(<\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>move<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>)), <\/span>battery_<\/span>(<\/span>battery<\/span>) {   <\/span>\/\/ \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/span>\n        <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\"Laptop\\n\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n    <\/span>~<\/span>Laptop<\/span>() <\/span>override<\/span> { <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\"~Laptop\\n\"<\/span>; }<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>describe<\/span>() <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>override<\/span> {<\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span>::<\/span>describe<\/span>() <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>\", battery \"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>to_string<\/span>(<\/span>battery_<\/span>) <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>\"%\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n\nprivate<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>battery_<\/span>;<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>() {<\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>unique_ptr<\/span><<\/span>Device<\/span>><\/span> <\/span>d<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>make_unique<\/span><<\/span>Laptop<\/span>><\/span>(<\/span>\"X1\"<\/span>, <\/span>80<\/span>);<\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span> <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>d<\/span>-><\/span>describe<\/span>() <\/span><<<\/span> <\/span>\"\\n\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b:<\/p>\n
    Device(X1)\nLaptop\ndevice X1, battery 80%\n~Laptop\n~Device\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b — \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f d<\/code> \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430 Device<\/code>, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f Laptop::describe()<\/code>: \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d virtual<\/code>. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e Device::describe()<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n
    \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 Java<\/h3>\n
    class<\/span> Device<\/span> {                                  <\/span>\/\/ \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/span>\n    <\/span>protected<\/span> <\/span>final<\/span> <\/span>String<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>;<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>Device<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>) {<\/span>\n        <\/span>this<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>;<\/span>\n        <\/span>System<\/span>.<\/span>out<\/span>.<\/span>println<\/span>(<\/span>\"Device(\"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>\")\"<\/span>);<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>String<\/span> <\/span>describe<\/span>() { <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>\"device \"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>; }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nclass<\/span> Laptop<\/span> <\/span>extends<\/span> <\/span>Device<\/span> {                   <\/span>\/\/ \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441<\/span>\n    <\/span>private<\/span> <\/span>final<\/span> <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>battery<\/span>;<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>Laptop<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span> <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>battery<\/span>) {<\/span>\n        <\/span>super<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>);                            <\/span>\/\/ \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/span>\n        <\/span>this<\/span>.<\/span>battery<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>battery<\/span>;<\/span>\n        <\/span>System<\/span>.<\/span>out<\/span>.<\/span>println<\/span>(<\/span>\"Laptop\"<\/span>);<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n\n    <\/span>@Override<\/span>\n    <\/span>String<\/span> <\/span>describe<\/span>() {<\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>super<\/span>.<\/span>describe<\/span>() <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>\", battery \"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>battery<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>\"%\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\npublic<\/span> <\/span>class<\/span> Main<\/span> {<\/span>\n    <\/span>public<\/span> <\/span>static<\/span> <\/span>void<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>String<\/span>[]<\/span> <\/span>args<\/span>) {<\/span>\n        <\/span>Device<\/span> <\/span>d<\/span> <\/span>=<\/span> <\/span>new<\/span> <\/span>Laptop<\/span>(<\/span>\"X1\"<\/span>, <\/span>80<\/span>);        <\/span>\/\/ upcast<\/span>\n        <\/span>System<\/span>.<\/span>out<\/span>.<\/span>println<\/span>(<\/span>d<\/span>.<\/span>describe<\/span>());<\/span>\n\n        <\/span>if<\/span> (<\/span>d<\/span> <\/span>instanceof<\/span> <\/span>Laptop<\/span> <\/span>l<\/span>) {            <\/span>\/\/ \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 downcast<\/span>\n            <\/span>System<\/span>.<\/span>out<\/span>.<\/span>println<\/span>(<\/span>\"it is a laptop: \"<\/span> <\/span>+<\/span> <\/span>l<\/span>.<\/span>name<\/span>);<\/span>\n        }<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n
    Device(X1)\nLaptop\ndevice X1, battery 80%\nit is a laptop: X1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0414\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 Java \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 try-with-resources<\/code>. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e virtual<\/code> \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e — \u0432 Java \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n
    super \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/h2>\n
    \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u0432 C++, \u043d\u0438 \u0432 Java: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n