{"id":3439,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=3439"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:29:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:29:47","slug":"arhitektura-rest-i-api","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/arhitektura-rest-i-api\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 REST API: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b HTTP \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432"},"content":{"rendered":"

REST<\/strong> (Representational State Transfer, \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb) — \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c: \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 2000 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442. REST API<\/strong> — \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 HTTP.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 REST<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 REST API \u043d\u0430 Python<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. \u041a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 HTTP<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. REST, RPC \u0438 GraphQL<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 production<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n
  8. \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

    \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 — \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 RPC \u0438 GraphQL. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 — \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 HTTP API \u043d\u0430 Python (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 Python 3.12 \u0438 3.14): \u043e\u043d \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 REST \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u043c production-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    HTTP API<\/td>\nAPI, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438; \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e REST<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    REST API (RESTful)<\/td>\nHTTP API, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c REST (\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 — \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u00ab\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 2\u00bb), \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 — \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 (JSON, XML, HTML)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u042d\u043d\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0442<\/td>\n\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \/books<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \/books\/2<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 REST<\/h2>\n

    \u041f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b, \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 — \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Stateless<\/td>\n\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441<\/td>\n\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 API \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438<\/td>\n\u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e (\u043e\u043f\u0446.)<\/td>\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0434, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 JavaScript<\/td>\n\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430: \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f URI; \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b (\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, Content-Type<\/code>); \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f (HATEOAS).<\/p>\n

    \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u00abstateless\u00bb: \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e — \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c (\u00ab\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u00bb), \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d.<\/p>\n

    \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e API, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 REST, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e: \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, HATEOAS \u043d\u0435\u0442 (\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c 2 \u0438\u0437 3 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 API \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e RESTful.<\/p>\n

    \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n

    \u0412 REST \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441<\/strong> (\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435), \u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434<\/strong> HTTP. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 — \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435: \/getBook?id=2<\/code>, \/deleteBook\/2<\/code>. \u042d\u0442\u043e RPC-\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c: \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 GET \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 POST, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438, \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n

    RFC 9110 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/strong> \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435). \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438 N \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/th>\n\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b<\/th>\n\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/th>\n\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    GET \/books<\/code>, GET \/books\/2<\/code><\/td>\n\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430<\/td>\n\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    POST \/books<\/code><\/td>\n\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    PUT \/books\/2<\/code><\/td>\n\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    PATCH \/books\/2<\/code><\/td>\n\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 (RFC 5789)<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    DELETE \/books\/2<\/code><\/td>\n\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443<\/td>\n\u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c — \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 DELETE \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 404 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e 204, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 PUT \u0438 DELETE \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 POST \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044c (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435).<\/p>\n

    \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 REST API \u043d\u0430 Python<\/h2>\n

    \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441 JSON-\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c Content-Length<\/code>, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 curl-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c: HTTPServer<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 HTTP \u043d\u0435\u0442 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441 Transfer-Encoding: chunked<\/code> \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e Accept<\/code>). \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e API \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 HTTP — \u0441\u043c. \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u00ab\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 production\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, GET\/POST\/PUT\/DELETE, \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, Location<\/code>, ETag \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: do_GET<\/code> — \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 304; do_POST<\/code> — \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \/books<\/code> (\u043d\u0430 \/books\/1<\/code> — 405); do_PUT<\/code> — \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438; do_DELETE<\/code> — \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. PATCH<\/code> \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d — \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a books_api.py<\/code> \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 python3 books_api.py<\/code> — \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 127.0.0.1:8000<\/code>. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d: Python 3.12.14 \u0438 3.14.7 (docker python:*-slim<\/code>), curl 8.14, 23.09.2026; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 304 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 24.09.2026.<\/p>\n

    import<\/span> <\/span>hashlib<\/span>\nimport<\/span> <\/span>json<\/span>\nfrom<\/span> <\/span>http.server<\/span> <\/span>import<\/span> BaseHTTPRequestHandler<\/span>,<\/span> HTTPServer<\/span>\n\nbooks<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>1<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\"id\"<\/span>:<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span> \"title\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"SICP\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"year\"<\/span>:<\/span> 1985<\/span>}}<\/span>\nnext_id<\/span> =<\/span> 2<\/span>\nMAX_BODY<\/span> =<\/span> 10_000<\/span>  # \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442<\/span>\n\n\ndef<\/span> <\/span>to_int<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>):<\/span>  # \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e 1-9 ASCII-\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440; \"\u00b2\", \"1_0\" \u0438 5000 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440 -> None<\/span>\n    if<\/span> text<\/span>.<\/span>isascii<\/span>()<\/span> and<\/span> text<\/span>.<\/span>isdigit<\/span>()<\/span> and<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>)<\/span> <=<\/span> 9<\/span>:<\/span>\n        return<\/span> int<\/span>(<\/span>text<\/span>)<\/span>\n    return<\/span> None<\/span>\n\n\nclass<\/span> <\/span>BooksAPI<\/span>(<\/span>BaseHTTPRequestHandler<\/span>):<\/span>\n    protocol_version<\/span> =<\/span> \"HTTP\/1.1\"<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>,<\/span> status<\/span>,<\/span> data<\/span>=<\/span>None<\/span>,<\/span> headers<\/span>=<\/span>None<\/span>):<\/span>\n        headers<\/span> =<\/span> dict<\/span>(<\/span>headers<\/span> or<\/span> {})<\/span>\n        if<\/span> status<\/span> >=<\/span> 400<\/span>:<\/span>  # \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/span>\n            headers<\/span>[<\/span>\"Connection\"<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> \"close\"<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>send_response<\/span>(<\/span>status<\/span>)<\/span>\n        for<\/span> name<\/span>,<\/span> value<\/span> in<\/span> headers<\/span>.<\/span>items<\/span>():<\/span>\n            self<\/span>.<\/span>send_header<\/span>(<\/span>name<\/span>,<\/span> value<\/span>)<\/span>\n        body<\/span> =<\/span> b\"\"<\/span> if<\/span> data<\/span> is<\/span> None<\/span> else<\/span> json<\/span>.<\/span>dumps<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>encode<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> data<\/span> is<\/span> not<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>  # \u0443 204 \u0438 304 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/span>\n            self<\/span>.<\/span>send_header<\/span>(<\/span>\"Content-Type\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"application\/json\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n            self<\/span>.<\/span>send_header<\/span>(<\/span>\"Content-Length\"<\/span>,<\/span> str<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>body<\/span>)))<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>end_headers<\/span>()<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>wfile<\/span>.<\/span>write<\/span>(<\/span>body<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>target<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>  # \/books -> \"all\", \/books\/7 -> 7, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 None<\/span>\n        parts<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>path<\/span>.<\/span>strip<\/span>(<\/span>\"\/\"<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>split<\/span>(<\/span>\"\/\"<\/span>)<\/span>\n        if<\/span> parts<\/span> ==<\/span> [<\/span>\"books\"<\/span>]:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> \"all\"<\/span>\n        if<\/span> len<\/span>(<\/span>parts<\/span>)<\/span> ==<\/span> 2<\/span> and<\/span> parts<\/span>[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span> ==<\/span> \"books\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> to_int<\/span>(<\/span>parts<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>])<\/span>\n        return<\/span> None<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>read_book<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        size<\/span> =<\/span> to_int<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>.<\/span>headers<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>\"Content-Length\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"0\"<\/span>))<\/span>\n        if<\/span> size<\/span> is<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> None<\/span>,<\/span> 400<\/span>\n        if<\/span> size<\/span> ><\/span> MAX_BODY<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> None<\/span>,<\/span> 413<\/span>\n        try<\/span>:<\/span>\n            data<\/span> =<\/span> json<\/span>.<\/span>loads<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>.<\/span>rfile<\/span>.<\/span>read<\/span>(<\/span>size<\/span>))<\/span>\n        except<\/span> ValueError<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> None<\/span>,<\/span> 400<\/span>\n        if<\/span> not<\/span> isinstance<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span>,<\/span> dict<\/span>)<\/span> or<\/span> type<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>))<\/span> is<\/span> not<\/span> str<\/span> \\\n                or<\/span> type<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>\"year\"<\/span>))<\/span> is<\/span> not<\/span> int<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> None<\/span>,<\/span> 400<\/span>\n        return<\/span> {<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>:<\/span> data<\/span>[<\/span>\"title\"<\/span>],<\/span> \"year\"<\/span>:<\/span> data<\/span>[<\/span>\"year\"<\/span>]},<\/span> None<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>do_GET<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        t<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>target<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> ==<\/span> \"all\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>,<\/span> list<\/span>(<\/span>books<\/span>.<\/span>values<\/span>()))<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> not<\/span> in<\/span> books<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"not found\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        etag<\/span> =<\/span> '\"%s\"'<\/span> %<\/span> hashlib<\/span>.<\/span>sha256<\/span>(<\/span>json<\/span>.<\/span>dumps<\/span>(<\/span>books<\/span>[<\/span>t<\/span>])<\/span>.<\/span>encode<\/span>())<\/span>.<\/span>hexdigest<\/span>()[:<\/span>16<\/span>]<\/span>\n        cache<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\"ETag\"<\/span>:<\/span> etag<\/span>,<\/span> \"Cache-Control\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"no-cache\"<\/span>}<\/span>  # \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432 200 \u0438 304<\/span>\n        if<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>headers<\/span>.<\/span>get<\/span>(<\/span>\"If-None-Match\"<\/span>)<\/span> ==<\/span> etag<\/span>:<\/span>  # \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>304<\/span>,<\/span> None<\/span>,<\/span> cache<\/span>)<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>,<\/span> books<\/span>[<\/span>t<\/span>],<\/span> cache<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>do_POST<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        global<\/span> next_id<\/span>\n        t<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>target<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> is<\/span> None<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"not found\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> !=<\/span> \"all\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>405<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"use PUT\"<\/span>},<\/span> {<\/span>\"Allow\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"GET, PUT, DELETE\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        book<\/span>,<\/span> err<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>read_book<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> err<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>err<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"bad request body\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        books<\/span>[<\/span>next_id<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\"id\"<\/span>:<\/span> next_id<\/span>,<\/span> **<\/span>book<\/span>}<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>201<\/span>,<\/span> books<\/span>[<\/span>next_id<\/span>],<\/span> {<\/span>\"Location\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"\/books\/%d\"<\/span> %<\/span> next_id<\/span>})<\/span>\n        next_id<\/span> +=<\/span> 1<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>do_PUT<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        t<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>target<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> not<\/span> in<\/span> books<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"not found\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        book<\/span>,<\/span> err<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>read_book<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> err<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>err<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"bad request body\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        books<\/span>[<\/span>t<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\"id\"<\/span>:<\/span> t<\/span>,<\/span> **<\/span>book<\/span>}<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>200<\/span>,<\/span> books<\/span>[<\/span>t<\/span>])<\/span>\n\n    def<\/span> <\/span>do_DELETE<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        t<\/span> =<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>target<\/span>()<\/span>\n        if<\/span> t<\/span> not<\/span> in<\/span> books<\/span>:<\/span>\n            return<\/span> self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>404<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span>\"error\"<\/span>:<\/span> \"not found\"<\/span>})<\/span>\n        del<\/span> books<\/span>[<\/span>t<\/span>]<\/span>\n        self<\/span>.<\/span>send_json<\/span>(<\/span>204<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\nHTTPServer<\/span>((<\/span>\"127.0.0.1\"<\/span>,<\/span> 8000<\/span>),<\/span> BooksAPI<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/span>serve_forever<\/span>()<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b. to_int<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e ASCII-\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b: '\u00b2'.isdigit()<\/code> \u0432 Python \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0430 int('\u00b2')<\/code> \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 int()<\/code> \u043d\u0430 5000 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440 \u0432 Python 3.11+. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (Connection: close<\/code>): \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 keep-alive-\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 HTTP\/1.1 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u043b 400 Bad request syntax<\/code> \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 GET).<\/p>\n
    \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 POST:<\/p>\n
    curl <\/span>-s <\/span>-i <\/span>-X <\/span>POST <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books <\/span>-H <\/span>'Content-Type: application\/json'<\/span> <\/span>-d <\/span>'{\"title\": \"Refactoring\", \"year\": 1999}'<\/span>\ncurl <\/span>-s <\/span>-X <\/span>POST <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books <\/span>-H <\/span>'Content-Type: application\/json'<\/span> <\/span>-d <\/span>'{\"title\": \"Refactoring\", \"year\": 1999}'<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 Server<\/code> \u0438 Date<\/code> \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b):<\/p>\n
    HTTP\/1.1 201 Created\nLocation: \/books\/2\nContent-Type: application\/json\nContent-Length: 47\n\n{"id": 2, "title": "Refactoring", "year": 1999}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 POST \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 {\"id\": 3, \"title\": \"Refactoring\", \"year\": 1999}<\/code> — \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c POST. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 2 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 3:<\/p>\n
    curl <\/span>-s <\/span>-X <\/span>PUT <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/2 <\/span>-H <\/span>'Content-Type: application\/json'<\/span> <\/span>-d <\/span>'{\"title\": \"Refactoring, 2nd ed.\", \"year\": 2018}'<\/span>\ncurl <\/span>-s <\/span>-X <\/span>PUT <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/2 <\/span>-H <\/span>'Content-Type: application\/json'<\/span> <\/span>-d <\/span>'{\"title\": \"Refactoring, 2nd ed.\", \"year\": 2018}'<\/span>\ncurl <\/span>-s <\/span>-o <\/span>\/dev\/null <\/span>-w <\/span>'%{http_code}\\n'<\/span> <\/span>-X <\/span>DELETE <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/3\ncurl <\/span>-s <\/span>-o <\/span>\/dev\/null <\/span>-w <\/span>'%{http_code}\\n'<\/span> <\/span>-X <\/span>DELETE <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/3<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u041e\u0431\u0430 PUT \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 {\"id\": 2, \"title\": \"Refactoring, 2nd ed.\", \"year\": 2018}<\/code>, DELETE \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 204<\/code>, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c 404<\/code>. curl -s http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438: 1 \u0438 2.<\/p>\n
    \u041a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 ETag<\/h3>\n
    \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 — \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a ETag<\/code>:<\/p>\n
    curl <\/span>-s <\/span>-i <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/1<\/code><\/pre>\n
    HTTP\/1.1 200 OK\nETag: "9f2dbd2c58f0f1b0"\nCache-Control: no-cache\nContent-Type: application\/json\nContent-Length: 40\n\n{"id": 1, "title": "SICP", "year": 1985}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 ETag \u0432 If-None-Match<\/code>:<\/p>\n
    curl <\/span>-s <\/span>-i <\/span>http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/books\/1 <\/span>-H <\/span>'If-None-Match: \"9f2dbd2c58f0f1b0\"'<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n
    HTTP\/1.1 304 Not Modified\nETag: "9f2dbd2c58f0f1b0"\nCache-Control: no-cache\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0422\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 — \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e. ETag<\/code> \u0438 Cache-Control<\/code> \u0432 304 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 200: RFC 9110 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b 304 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b Cache-Control<\/code> \u0438 ETag<\/code>, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 200 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043a\u044d\u0448 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c cache<\/code>. Cache-Control: no-cache<\/code> \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u00ab\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430: If-None-Match<\/code> \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u043e RFC 9110 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 *<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 PUT \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 1 ETag \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 200 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n
    \u041a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 HTTP<\/h2>\n
    \u041f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443. \u0412 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e RFC 9110 \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 — \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 409 Conflict (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c) \u0438 422 Unprocessable Content (JSON \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u041a\u043e\u0434<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e RFC 9110<\/th>\n\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    200 OK<\/td>\n\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 GET \u0438\u043b\u0438 PUT \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c<\/td>\nGET \/books\/1<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    201 Created<\/td>\n\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 — \u0432 Location<\/code><\/td>\nPOST \/books<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    204 No Content<\/td>\n\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430<\/td>\nDELETE \/books\/2<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    304 Not Modified<\/td>\n\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/td>\nGET \u0441 If-None-Match<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    400 Bad Request<\/td>\n\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 JSON, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f<\/td>\n{\"title\": \"No year\"}<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    404 Not Found<\/td>\n\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\nGET \/books\/99<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    405 Method Not Allowed<\/td>\n\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043c; \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d Allow<\/code><\/td>\nPOST \/books\/1<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    413 Content Too Large<\/td>\n\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 10 000 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (Python 3.12 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 Request Entity Too Large)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    501 Not Implemented<\/td>\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430<\/td>\nPATCH \/books\/1<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \u041d\u0430 POST \/books\/1<\/code> \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 405 \u0438 Allow: GET, PUT, DELETE<\/code>: POST \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \/books<\/code>. PATCH<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 — \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 do_PATCH<\/code>, \u0438 http.server<\/code> \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b 501 Unsupported method ('PATCH')<\/code> \u0441 HTML-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e JSON. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 501 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c API \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443. \u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 405 \u0438 501 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 PATCH \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043b\u044f \/users\/1<\/code>, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \/books\/1<\/code>, \u043d\u0430 \/books\/1<\/code> \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d 405 \u0441 Allow<\/code>; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c 501. \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: 401 — \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u00bb (\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c WWW-Authenticate<\/code>), 403 — \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u00bb: \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e RFC 9110 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n
    REST, RPC \u0438 GraphQL<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439<\/th>\nREST<\/th>\nRPC (JSON-RPC, gRPC)<\/th>\nGraphQL<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 API<\/td>\n\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 HTTP<\/td>\n\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430 createBook(...)<\/code><\/td>\n\u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    HTTP-\u043a\u044d\u0448<\/td>\n\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f GET<\/td>\n\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 POST, \u043a\u044d\u0448 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n\u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d<\/td>\nCRUD \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 API<\/td>\n\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\n\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c — \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442, REST \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 API — \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 (\u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb, \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb), \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0435 RPC.<\/p>\n
    \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 production<\/h2>\n
    \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439: \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 127.0.0.1<\/code> — \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b HTTPS \u0438 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 401\/403; \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445; \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b (429); \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a (Problem Details, RFC 9457); \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; If-Match<\/code> \u0441 ETag \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 POST (\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b); \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f OpenAPI \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n
    \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/th>\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    OSError: [Errno 48] Address already in use<\/code> (macOS; \u0432 Linux Errno 98<\/code>)<\/td>\n\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 8000 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442: \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    curl: (7) Failed to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 8000<\/code><\/td>\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b — \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    400 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 POST \u0432 Windows<\/td>\ncmd \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0430 Windows PowerShell 5.1 (\u0433\u0434\u0435 curl<\/code> — \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c Invoke-WebRequest<\/code>, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d curl.exe<\/code>) \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c JSON \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b book.json<\/code> \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c curl.exe ... -d @book.json<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    400 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c JSON<\/td>\n\u0442\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0442: \"year\": \"1999\"<\/code> — \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430, true<\/code> — \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n