{"id":2769,"date":"2026-09-23T03:47:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T03:47:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=2769"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:37:04","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:37:04","slug":"tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0443 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\"5\" + 2<\/code> \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f: \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f: TypeScript \u0438 type hints \u0432 Python<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u044f\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s12\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 Python 3.9+ \u0438 Node.js 22.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0422\u0438\u043f<\/strong> &#8212; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u0415\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (coercion)<\/strong> &#8212; \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 (type inference)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041e\u0441\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/th>\n<th>\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/th>\n<th>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430?<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430) \/ \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c?<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \/ \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435?<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \/ \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435\u00bb \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c?<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438) \/ \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c (Kotlin, TypeScript), \u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (Python). \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f = \u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f = \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f\u00bb &#8212; \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 <strong>\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c (Java, C#, Go) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c (tsc \u0434\u043b\u044f TypeScript, mypy \u0434\u043b\u044f Python). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 <strong>\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong> \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">price_label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">currency<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">):<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">if<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">currency<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"RUB\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n        <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">str<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" \u0440\u0443\u0431.\"<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\" \"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">currency<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: price - \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/span>\n\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price_label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"RUB\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">try<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price_label<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"USD\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">except<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TypeError<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"TypeError:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">100 \u0440\u0443\u0431.\nTypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: &#x27;int&#x27; and &#x27;str&#x27;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430: \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">USD<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f: \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f\u00bb (strong\/weak) \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0435\u00bb, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>JavaScript \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);         <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \"52\": \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);         <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 3: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"2\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);       <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 10<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">null<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);        <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 1: null \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b 0<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">undefined<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ NaN<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">==<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">===<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"1\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ true false<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">); <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 7: \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">+<\/code> \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">*<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">===<\/code> \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>Python \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439\u00bb:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>       <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># int \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e float<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">True<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>      <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># bool - \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 int<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>       <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">try<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">except<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">TypeError<\/span> <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">as<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"TypeError:\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">e<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"5\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">3.5\n2\n55\nTypeError: can only concatenate str (not &quot;int&quot;) to str\n7\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c Python \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">True<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">1<\/code>. \u041f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 Java: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\"a\" + 1<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\"a1\"<\/code>, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f Java \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>C &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">void<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">7<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">count<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">double<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">count<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;           <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 double *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">double<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">double<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">count<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">truncated<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3.9<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/* \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 *\/<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">printf<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"%f %f %d\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">truncated<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">3.000000 3.500000 3<\/code>. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">-Wconversion<\/code>). \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int x = 7;<\/code> \u0432 C. <strong>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">x = 7<\/code> \u0432 Python), \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/th>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>C#<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var n = 5;<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">n<\/code> \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Java 10+<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var names = new ArrayList&lt;String&gt;();<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ArrayList&lt;String&gt;<\/code>, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TypeScript<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">let n = 5;<\/code><\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">number<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var<\/code> \u0432 C# \u0438 Java \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c: \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 <strong>\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c: \u0432 Java \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">implements<\/code>. \u041f\u0440\u0438 <strong>\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b TypeScript \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b Go.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">interface<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">Point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; }<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">function<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">length<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">number<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">Math<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">hypot<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">p<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">const<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> { <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">label<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"A\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> };<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">console<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">length<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">a<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)); <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 5: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ length({ x: 3 });          \/\/ \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 tsc: \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f y<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ const n: number = \"5\";     \/\/ \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 tsc: string \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c number<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041d\u044e\u0430\u043d\u0441: \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432, tsc \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442 (excess property check); \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u043a\u0430\u043a <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">a<\/code>, &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f &#8212; <strong>\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>: \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 &#8212; \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0412 Python \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">typing.Protocol<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f: TypeScript \u0438 type hints \u0432 Python<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f (gradual) \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Any<\/code> \u0432 Python) \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: \u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">from<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">__future__<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">import<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">annotations<\/span>\n\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">def<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">add_tax<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">float<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rate<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">float<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0.2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">float<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">price<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">rate<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">add_tax<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>       <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 120.0<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">add_tax<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"100\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">120.0<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">100100<\/code> &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\"100\"<\/code> \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 2. Python \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0434, \u0430 mypy \u0438\u043b\u0438 pyright \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">str<\/code> \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">float<\/code>. \u0412 TypeScript \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435: \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JSON.parse<\/code> \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u044f\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/th>\n<th>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Python<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (+ mypy\/pyright)<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f + \u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f, Protocol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>JavaScript<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TypeScript<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432 JS \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 + \u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Java<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f + <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C#<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">dynamic<\/code> \u043f\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e)<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f + <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PHP<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">strict_types=1<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f + \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int64<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c)<\/td>\n<td>\u042f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f + <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">:=<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435\u00bb.<\/strong> \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (JIT-\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043e\u043a V8 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00ab\u0412 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u00bb.<\/strong> \u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00ab\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f = \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb.<\/strong> Python \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c; C \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438: \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f\u00bb &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">var<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">auto<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">let<\/code>) \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (TypeScript, type hints) \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 &#8212; JavaScript-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 TypeScript: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">allowJs<\/code> \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">strict<\/code>, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 TypeScript \u0441 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/typescript\/?int_article=tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e TypeScript<\/a>. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c JavaScript \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 TypeScript?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e: JSDoc-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">checkJs<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 tsc \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 .js-\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f any \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442?<\/strong><br \/>\n<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">any<\/code> \u0432 TypeScript \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">unknown<\/code>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0443 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 &#171;5&#187; + 2 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0427\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":2770,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[65],"class_list":["post-2769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-programmirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f, \u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 Python, JS \u0438 TS.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"A. Pavlenko\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otus.ru\\\/journal\\\/tipizaciya-v-programmirovanii\\\/#article\",\"name\":\"\\u0422\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438: \\u0432\\u0438\\u0434\\u044b \\u0438 \\u043f\\u0440\\u0438\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440\\u044b | Otus\",\"headline\":\"\\u0422\\u0438\\u043f\\u0438\\u0437\\u0430\\u0446\\u0438\\u044f \\u0432 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u0433\\u0440\\u0430\\u043c\\u043c\\u0438\\u0440\\u043e\\u0432\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0438: 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