{"id":1970,"date":"2021-09-07T17:49:56","date_gmt":"2021-09-07T17:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=1970"},"modified":"2021-09-14T15:36:45","modified_gmt":"2021-09-14T15:36:45","slug":"swift","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/swift\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Swift"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Swift (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435) \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432: \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442. (\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f C#, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 nil.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 Swift \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b (\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 nil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<br><code>Optional&lt;Type&gt;<\/code> (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430) \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code>Type!<\/code> (\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438), \u0433\u0434\u0435 Type &#8212; \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<br><code>var x: Optional&lt;Int&gt;<br> var y: Int?<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 x \u0438 y \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e (\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 nil). \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 (\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c x = y \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445).<br>(\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 C#, \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432 Swift &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 C#. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, String? \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 Swift \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 String \u0432 C#).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 Swift \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>var s: String? = \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u00bb<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 <code>var s = \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u00bb<\/code> \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 String. \u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 <code>var s = nil<\/code> \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 <code>\u00ab\u2018nil\u2019 requires a contextual type\u00bb<\/code> &#8212; nil \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>var x1: Int = 111<br> var x2: Int? = 222<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f x1 + x2 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 <code>\u00abValue of optional type Int? must be unwrapped to value Int\u00bb<\/code> (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e). \u0418\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 Swift \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443:<br>\u2022 force unwrapping;<br>\u2022 implicity unwrapping;<br>\u2022 optional bunding;<br>\u2022 nil coalescing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c force unwrapping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c force unwrapping (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430) \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<br><code>var x1: Int = 10<br> var x2: Int? = 20<br> var x3 = x1 + x2!<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 nil, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>var i: Int? = nil<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <code>i!<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b <code>\u00abUnexpectedly found nil while unwrapping an optional value\u00bb<\/code> (\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 nil \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 <code>force unwrapping <\/code>\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441 nil (\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <code>\u00ab==\u00bb<\/code> \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 <code>\u00ab!=\u00bb<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<br><code>let x1: Int = 333<br> let x2: Int? = 444<br> if x2 != nil {let x3 = x1 + x2!}<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c implicity unwrapping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c implicity unwrapping (\u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c <code>implicity unwrapping<\/code>. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 (?) \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>let str1: String! = \u00abimplicity unwrapping\u00bb<br> let str2: String? = \u00aboptional string\u00bb<br> let str3: String! = str2! \/\/ \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c optional binding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c optinal binding (\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430) \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c optional binding \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<br><code>if let \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f <em>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f = \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b { \/\/\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f<\/em> \u0434\u043b\u044f<em> \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/em> \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 }<br> else { \/\/ \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f <em>\u0434\u043b\u044f<\/em> \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e <em>\u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430}<\/em><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430), \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 (\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443), \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f; \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0432 Swift, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 <\/em><code><em>\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f<\/em> \u0434\u043b\u044f <em>\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/em> \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d (\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d nil) &#8212; \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a else. \u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a else \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>var x1: Int = 100<br> var x2: Int? = 200<br> if let x_temp = x2 { let x3 = x1 + x_temp }<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c nil coalescing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c nil coalescing (\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 nil) \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 <code>??<\/code>.<br>\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<br><code>let \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f = \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b ?? \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<em>\u043f\u043e<\/em>\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d nil, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 <code>??<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c:<br><code>let x1: Int = 1<br>let x2: Int? = 2<br>let temp = x2 ?? 0<br>let x3 = x1 + temp<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f <code>optional binding<\/code> \u0438 <code>nil coalescing<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 iOS-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 iOS-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/basic-ios\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=affilate&amp;utm_campaign=ios_basic&amp;utm_term=07.09.2021\">\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/advanced-ios\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=affilate&amp;utm_campaign=ios&amp;utm_term=07.09.2021\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Swift (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435) \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432: \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442. (\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":1983,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[135,136],"class_list":["post-1970","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-pro-it","tag-swift","tag-opcionaly"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Swift (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435) \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432: \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442. 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