{"id":11035,"date":"2026-09-09T05:22:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T05:22:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=11035"},"modified":"2026-09-09T05:22:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T05:22:22","slug":"ierarhicheskie-bd-opisanie-i-kljuchevye-harakteristiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/ierarhicheskie-bd-opisanie-i-kljuchevye-harakteristiki\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 (\u043e\u0442 IBM IMS \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 LDAP), \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u041f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c (\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 IBM IMS &#8212; \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442), \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0423\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u0423 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c (root)<\/strong> &#8212; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b, \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0421 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (parent)<\/strong> &#8212; \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a (child)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b. \u0423 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041b\u0438\u0441\u0442 (leaf)<\/strong> &#8212; \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e: \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0430 \u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f &#8212; \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e &#8212; \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u00ab\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430\u043c\u00bb.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 1:N \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb<\/h3>\n<p>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb (1:N): \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb (M:N) \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e M:N, \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 1:N &#8212; \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439: \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 (\u043a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430), \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IBM IMS (Information Management System)<\/strong> &#8212; \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414. \u0415\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 1960-\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u00bb, \u0438 IBM \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 IMS &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0445 z\/OS.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0423 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 &#8212; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440 Windows<\/strong> &#8212; \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>LDAP \u0438 Active Directory<\/strong> &#8212; \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435 (Directory Information Tree). \u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 (Distinguished Name) &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>DNS<\/strong> &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e: \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.ru<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">.com<\/code>), \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">otus.ru<\/code> \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>XML \u0438 JSON<\/strong> &#8212; \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e: \u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0432 XML<\/h3>\n<p>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b: \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 -&gt; \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447 -&gt; \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c -&gt; \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;school&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;director<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;deputy<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">      <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;teacher<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\u0421\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;class<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name=<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"10\u0410\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">\/&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">      <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;\/teacher&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;\/deputy&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;\/director&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E06C75\">&lt;\/school&gt;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;school&gt;<\/code>, \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;class&gt;<\/code>. \u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0433 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0422\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435<\/h3>\n<p>\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f (adjacency list). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 SQL (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 SQLite \u0438\u043b\u0438 PostgreSQL):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">      <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">parent_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- NULL \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,    <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430 (id = 2)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">parent_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442: \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">parent_id<\/code>: \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">id<\/code> \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0430 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code>. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430), \u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0412 IMS \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">DELETE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 '\u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c' \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 parent_id = 2, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442: \u00ab\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c-\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">parent_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">org<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">DELETE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CASCADE<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u041f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445.<\/strong> \u041e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437) \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 IMS \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430.<\/strong> \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c 1:N.<\/strong> \u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e.<\/strong> \u0418\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0416\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/strong> \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0443\u00bb (\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0443) \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/strong> \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 M:N<\/th>\n<th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a = \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0435\u0442 (\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434)<\/td>\n<td>IBM IMS, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, DNS<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444, \u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/td>\n<td>CODASYL, IDMS<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0445 (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0443<\/td>\n<td>PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0437\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0414\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>Neo4j, ArangoDB<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0430 M:N, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 SQL. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b &#8212; \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a, \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c &#8212; \u00ab\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb (1:N); \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u0426\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430: \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<li>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f: IBM IMS, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440 Windows, LDAP\/Active Directory, DNS, XML \u0438 JSON &#8212; \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444), \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 SQL, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/subd\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=ierarhicheskie-bd-opisanie-i-kljuchevye-harakteristiki&amp;utm_content=course\">subd<\/a>. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?utm_source=oj&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=ierarhicheskie-bd-opisanie-i-kljuchevye-harakteristiki&amp;utm_content=events\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u044b<\/a> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/osnovy-raboty-s-bazami-dannyh\/\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/rabota-s-bazami-dannyh\/\">\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/baza-dannyh-v-mobilnom-prilozhenii-na-primere-realm\/\">\u0411\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 Realm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 &#8212; \u0435\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0433\u0434\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430: IBM IMS \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, DNS, LDAP \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 XML\/JSON.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0412 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e), \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 &#8212; \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 (\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444). \u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0414\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u043e\u043c-\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">parent_id<\/code>), \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 nested set \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 (WITH RECURSIVE). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0438 MySQL.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c, 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