{"id":11023,"date":"2026-09-21T07:12:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T07:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=11023"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:39:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:39:50","slug":"dvoichnaya-sistema-schisleniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/dvoichnaya-sistema-schisleniya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438: 0 \u0438 1. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/strong> (binary digit). \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u0411\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430: \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 C++<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s11\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s12\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s13\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e (\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b), \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 (\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c: \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435. \u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a 0 \u0438\u043b\u0438 1.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 100 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 1100100. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 0, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e &#8212; 1, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c 2 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435. \u0412\u0435\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 k \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 k.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 k<\/th>\n<th>7<\/th>\n<th>6<\/th>\n<th>5<\/th>\n<th>4<\/th>\n<th>3<\/th>\n<th>2<\/th>\n<th>1<\/th>\n<th>0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0435\u0441 2^k<\/td>\n<td>128<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 &#8212; \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 1011 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438. \u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e: \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b 1, 1, 0, 1 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 0, 1, 2, 3.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c 2^k, \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f 1011:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434:   3   2   1   0\n\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430:    1   0   1   1\n\u0432\u0435\u0441:      8   4   2   1\n\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434:    8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, 1011 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 = 11 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434: \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430 0 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 Python. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">int<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"1011\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 11<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f 11 &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043f\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c)<\/h2>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 2 \u0441 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 11.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0414\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 2, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 0.<\/li>\n<li>\u0412\u044b\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 (\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f 11:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">11 \/ 2 = 5, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a 1\n 5 \/ 2 = 2, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a 1\n 2 \/ 2 = 1, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a 0\n 1 \/ 2 = 0, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445: 1011. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 1011, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435, &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">bin<\/code> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">0b<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">format<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">bin<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>          <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 0b1011<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">format<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 1011<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 0b1011, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c 1011.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u0411\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0411\u0438\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434. <strong>\u0411\u0430\u0439\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0437 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440. \u0412 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 2^8 = 256 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 255.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c: 4 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 (0-F), \u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 &#8212; \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u044b \u0432 hex: \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 (4 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430)<\/th>\n<th>\u0414\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/th>\n<th>Hex<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0000<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0101<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1010<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1111<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 11111011 \u0432 hex, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b: 1111 \u0438 1011. \u042d\u0442\u043e 15 \u0438 11, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c F \u0438 B. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433: 0xFB.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0435 2. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430: 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+1=10 (\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c 0, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c 1), 1+1+1=11 (\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c 1, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c 1).<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c 1011 (11) \u0438 0110 (6):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">  1011\n+ 0110\n------\n 10001\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e: 1+0=1; 1+1=10 (0, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 1); 0+1+1=10 (0, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 1); 1+0+1=10 (0, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 1); \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 1. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 10001 = 16 + 1 = 17, \u0438 11 + 6 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 17.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f 1), \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 0), \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443. \u0423\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c 101 (5) \u043d\u0430 11 (3):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">   101\n x  11\n------\n   101   (\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0443\u044e 1)\n+ 1010   (\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0443\u044e 1, \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434)\n------\n  1111\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>1111 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15, \u0438 5 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 3 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 15.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430: \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434<\/h2>\n<p>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f &#8212; \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0438\u0442. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 &#8212; <strong>\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434<\/strong> (two&#8217;s complement). \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441. \u0414\u043b\u044f 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434<\/th>\n<th>7<\/th>\n<th>6<\/th>\n<th>5<\/th>\n<th>4<\/th>\n<th>3<\/th>\n<th>2<\/th>\n<th>1<\/th>\n<th>0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0412\u0435\u0441<\/td>\n<td>-128<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c -5 \u0432 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435: 5 = 00000101.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b (0 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 1 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442): 11111010.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c 1: 11111011.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430: 11111011 = -128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 = -5. \u0421\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e: \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c 11 &#8212; 5 \u043a\u0430\u043a 11 + (-5) \u0432 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">  00001011   (11)\n+ 11111011   (-5)\n----------\n1 00000110   (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 00000110 = 6, \u0438 11 &#8212; 5 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e 6. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430: \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0442. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 (8 \u0431\u0438\u0442) \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 -255..255, \u0430 \u043e\u0442 -128 \u0434\u043e 127. \u0412\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u0412 Python \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp; 0xFF<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">format<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">x<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&amp;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0xFF<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"08b\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">))<\/span>  <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 11111011<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 11111011 &#8212; \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 C++<\/h2>\n<p>\u0412 C++ \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0443\u00bb: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">std::bitset<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;iostream&gt;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #7F848E\">#include<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">&lt;bitset&gt;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #61AFEF; font-weight: bold\">main<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() {<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bitset<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">8<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;            <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 00001011<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">to_ulong<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">; <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 11<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">signed<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">char<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">neg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">-5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">bitset<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">8<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">static_cast<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">unsigned<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">char<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">neg<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">));<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">std<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">::<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">cout<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">nb<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&lt;&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\\n\"<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;           <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">\/\/ 11111011<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">return<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">}<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e: 00001011, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c 11, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c 11111011. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 11, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 -5, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 Python.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437. \u0414\u043b\u044f 11 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b 1101 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e 1011:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">while<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">str<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">%<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/\/=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>              <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 1101 - \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 1101 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a 8 + 4 + 1 = 13, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 11. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c &#8212; \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #98C379\">\"\"<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">while<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">:<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">str<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">%<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">+<\/span> <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span>   <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e<\/span>\n    <span style=\"color: #E06C75\">n<\/span> <span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">\/\/=<\/span> <span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">digits<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>                      <span style=\"color: #7F848E\"># 1011 - \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 1011 = 11, \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s11\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 2, \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 k \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d 2^k; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e &#8212; \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 2 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445; \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0435 2.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c (\u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f + 1); \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c: -128..127).<\/li>\n<li>\u0411\u0438\u0442 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434, \u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442 &#8212; 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442 (256 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439), \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s12\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 C \u0438 C++ \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430: \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&amp;<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">|<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">^<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;&lt;<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&gt;&gt;<\/code> \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/cpp-basic\/?int_article=dvoichnaya-sistema-schisleniya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">C++ Basic<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=dvoichnaya-sistema-schisleniya&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a> &#8212; \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s13\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2. \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 &#8212; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d: \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 n \u0431\u0438\u0442?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 2 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 n. \u0412 1 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 &#8212; 2 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 4 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445 &#8212; 16, \u0432 8 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445 (\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435) &#8212; 256. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: 3 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430, 4 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f. \u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c 0xFB \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c 11111011, \u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 2, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438: 0 \u0438 1. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c (binary digit). \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":11024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[209],"class_list":["post-11023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-computer-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 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