{"id":10286,"date":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/?p=10286"},"modified":"2026-09-25T15:24:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T15:24:53","slug":"sql-dlya-nachinajushhih-chto-nuzhno-znat-o-yazyke-i-ego-primenenii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otus.ru\/journal\/sql-dlya-nachinajushhih-chto-nuzhno-znat-o-yazyke-i-ego-primenenii\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b SELECT, WHERE \u0438 JOIN \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>SQL<\/strong> (Structured Query Language) &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u0432\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414) \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> + <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code>), \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code>) \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"oj-toc\" style=\"background:#f6f6f6;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 20px;margin:20px 0\">\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 1. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 2. SELECT \u0438 WHERE: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 3. GROUP BY \u0438 HAVING: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 4. JOIN: \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s10\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442: \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 SQLite, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442, \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b 24.09.2026 \u0432 SQLite 3.51.0 (\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443 &#8212; 3.53.4, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0442); \u0433\u0434\u0435 PostgreSQL \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s1\">\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SQL<\/strong> &#8212; \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ISO\/IEC 9075, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/strong> &#8212; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 SQL \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT ... WHERE<\/code> \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c SQL\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00bb. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d SQLite: \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s2\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 1. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430: \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code> (\u0432 macOS \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432 Ubuntu &#8212; \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code>, \u0434\u043b\u044f Windows &#8212; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 sqlite-tools \u0441 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 SQLite). \u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">schema.sql<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">PRAGMA<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">foreign_keys<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CHECK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BETWEEN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">14<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AND<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">120<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">)<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">STRICT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CREATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">TABLE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">         <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">PRIMARY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">KEY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">client_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">REFERENCES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">INTEGER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">CHECK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),  <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #E5C07B\">TEXT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NOT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">                          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0413\u0413\u0413\u0413-\u041c\u041c-\u0414\u0414<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">STRICT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,   <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">34<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">19<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,   <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">27<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,   <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,     <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">45<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">22<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">client_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1200<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-01'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">800<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-10'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">450<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-03'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3100<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-05'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">990<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-12'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">),<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">700<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'2026-09-15'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">sqlite3<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>shop.db<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>&lt;<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>schema.sql\nsqlite3<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-header<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>-column<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span>shop.db<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRIMARY KEY<\/code> &#8212; <strong>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong>, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">REFERENCES clients(id)<\/code> &#8212; <strong>\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447<\/strong>: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NOT NULL<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CHECK<\/code> &#8212; \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">STRICT<\/code> (SQLite 3.37+) \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e SQLite \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u0432 SQLite \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DECIMAL<\/code> \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0415\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">7<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INSERT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">INTO<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">VALUES<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0416\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">);<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Runtime error: CHECK constraint failed: age BETWEEN 14 AND 120 (19)\nRuntime error: cannot store TEXT value in INTEGER column clients.age (19)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0422\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code>. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">&lt;<\/code>, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">Runtime error near line 1:<\/code>, \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e SQLite: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;<\/code> \u0432 <strong>\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/strong>. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">client_id = 99<\/code>, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430, \u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 &#8212; \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FOREIGN KEY constraint failed<\/code>. \u0412 PostgreSQL \u0438 MySQL (InnoDB) \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e (\u0432 MySQL \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SET foreign_key_checks = 0<\/code>, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0432).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s3\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 2. SELECT \u0438 WHERE: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 &#8212; \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name   age\n-----  ---\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430   34\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441  19\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430   27\n\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431   45\n\u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f  22\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">AND<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">OR<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NOT<\/code>; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">IN (...)<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">BETWEEN<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LIKE<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">20<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AND<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name  city    age\n----  ------  ---\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430  \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430  34\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430  \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430  27\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ORDER BY<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 &#8212; \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LIMIT<\/code> \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a (\u0432 SQL Server \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">TOP<\/code>, \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 &#8212; <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">FETCH FIRST<\/code>):<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ORDER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">DESC<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">LIMIT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name  age\n----  ---\n\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431  45\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430  34\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430  27\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u041b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0441 NULL<\/h3>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443\u00bb, \u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 &#8212; \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">IS NULL<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">IS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">NULL<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name  city\n----  ----\n\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435: \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">city &lt;&gt; '\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044e, \u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">OR city IS NULL<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s4\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 3. GROUP BY \u0438 HAVING: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/h2>\n<p>\u0410\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COUNT<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SUM<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">AVG<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">MIN<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">MAX<\/code> \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients_cnt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AVG<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">avg_age<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">GROUP<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">city    clients_cnt  avg_age\n------  -----------  -------\n        1            45.0\n\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044c  2            20.5\n\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430  2            30.5\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">city<\/code> \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443 &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HAVING<\/code> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/strong> \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">*<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">GROUP<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">Parse error: misuse of aggregate: COUNT()\n  SELECT city, COUNT(*) FROM clients WHERE COUNT(*) &gt; 1 GROUP BY city;\n                             error here ---^\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e &#8212; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">... GROUP BY city HAVING COUNT(*) &gt; 1;<\/code>. \u0412 PostgreSQL 18 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439: <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">aggregate functions are not allowed in WHERE<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s5\">\u0428\u0430\u0433 4. JOIN: \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN ... ON<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0443:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">client_id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ORDER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">created<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name   amount  created\n-----  ------  ----------\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430   1200    2026-09-01\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441  450     2026-09-03\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430   3100    2026-09-05\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430   800     2026-09-10\n\u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f  990     2026-09-12\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430   700     2026-09-15\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">c<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">o<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442<\/th>\n<th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">INNER JOIN<\/code> (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code>)<\/td>\n<td>\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\n<td>\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 = <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ON<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 (\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)<\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COUNT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders_cnt<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">,<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">       <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">COALESCE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SUM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">amount<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">), <\/span><span style=\"color: #D19A66\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">) <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">LEFT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">JOIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">orders<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ON<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">client_id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">GROUP<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">name<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ORDER<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">total<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">DESC<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">name   orders_cnt  total\n-----  ----------  -----\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430   2           3800\n\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430   2           2000\n\u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f  1           990\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441  1           450\n\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431   0           0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COUNT(o.id)<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code>, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443 \u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430 0, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COUNT(*)<\/code> \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0431\u044b 1. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COALESCE<\/code> \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code>-\u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code>. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435 1000\u00bb \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE o.amount &gt; 1000<\/code> \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0443: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ON o.client_id = c.id AND o.amount &gt; 1000<\/code>, \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e, \u0443 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0445 &#8212; 0.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s6\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/strong> \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT name, SUM(amount) FROM clients JOIN orders ON orders.client_id = clients.id;<\/code> \u0432 SQLite \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 | 7240<\/code>: 7240 &#8212; \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. PostgreSQL 18 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\">ERROR:  column &quot;clients.name&quot; must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0438\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code> \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY c.id, c.name<\/code>, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435). \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/strong> <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT COUNT(*) FROM clients, orders;<\/code> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 30 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e 5 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 6 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0442\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ON<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DELETE<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code>.<\/strong> \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"background:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:20px 0;overflow-x:auto;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\"><code style=\"background:none\"><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">BEGIN<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">UPDATE<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">clients<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SET<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">city<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #56B6C2\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #98C379\">'\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044c'<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;   <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 WHERE<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">SELECT<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">changes<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">() <\/span><span style=\"color: #C678DD\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #E06C75\">updated<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;          <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- 5: \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/span>\n<span style=\"color: #C678DD\">ROLLBACK<\/span><span style=\"color: #ABB2BF\">;                             <\/span><span style=\"color: #7F848E\">-- \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ROLLBACK<\/code> \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">changes()<\/code> &#8212; \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f SQLite; \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">UPDATE 5<\/code> \u0432 psql). \u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044e: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COMMIT<\/code> \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"s7\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 10 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c (\u00ab\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435\u00bb, \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u00bb) \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">products<\/code>, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446.<\/li>\n<li>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 &#8212; \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">queries.sql<\/code> \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/th>\n<th>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">no such table: clients<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b \u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438<\/td>\n<td>\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">= NULL<\/code>, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LIKE '\u0430%'<\/code> \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u00ab\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u00bb<\/td>\n<td>\u0432 SQLite <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LIKE<\/code> \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">JOIN<\/code> \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ON<\/code> \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0443<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: <a href=\"\/journal\/vvedenie-v-sql-chto-trebuetsya-znat-novichku\/\">\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 SQL \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0412 SQLite<\/th>\n<th>\u0412 PostgreSQL \/ MySQL<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CREATE DATABASE<\/code> \u043d\u0435\u0442<\/td>\n<td>\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">STRICT<\/code> \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/td>\n<td>\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 &#8212; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">PRAGMA<\/code><\/td>\n<td>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e (MySQL &#8212; \u0432 InnoDB)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430<\/td>\n<td><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NUMERIC<\/code> \/ <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">DECIMAL<\/code> \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0435\u0446 \u0432\u043d\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">GROUP BY<\/code> \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c<\/td>\n<td>PostgreSQL &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430; MySQL 8 &#8212; \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY<\/code> (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"s8\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>SQL &#8212; \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 &#8212; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414; \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT\/WHERE\/GROUP BY\/JOIN<\/code> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/li>\n<li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 SQLite: \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 &#8212; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">CHECK<\/code>, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NOT NULL<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">STRICT<\/code> \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">NULL<\/code> \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">IS NULL<\/code>, \u0430 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">HAVING<\/code> &#8212; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code> \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">WHERE<\/code> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">COMMIT<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"s9\">\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \/ \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oj-cta\" style=\"background:#fbf4e4;border-left:4px solid #c9962b;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 &#8212; \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">LEFT JOIN<\/code>. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c &#8212; \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0418\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/lessons\/sql\/?int_article=sql-dlya-nachinajushhih-chto-nuzhno-znat-o-yazyke-i-ego-primenenii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 Otus \u043f\u043e SQL<\/a>, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/otus.ru\/events\/?int_article=sql-dlya-nachinajushhih-chto-nuzhno-znat-o-yazyke-i-ego-primenenii&amp;int_place=article&amp;int_variant=v1\">\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 Otus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"s10\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 SQL \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442: SQL \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430 Python, Java, PHP \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443. \u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0438\u043b\u0438 SQL Server \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0432 SQL?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 (<code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">select<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">SELECT<\/code>) \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 (collation), \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">'\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430' = '\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430'<\/code> \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">sqlite3<\/code> \u0438 <code style=\"background:#eef0f3;color:#24292f;border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;font-size:0.92em;font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace\">psql<\/code> \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0436\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL (Structured Query Language) &#8212; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445: \u0432\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414) \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438: \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 (SELECT + WHERE), \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 (GROUP BY) \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b (JOIN). \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0428\u0430\u0433 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":10287,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-10286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-polza","tag-sql"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All 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